{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:50:24Z","timestamp":1791521424255,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Perinatal depression is shaped by interacting psycho-relational risk factors\u2014childhood adversity, current relational functioning, perceived social support, and prenatal attachment. Variable-centered approaches focused on isolated predictors may obscure how these dimensions combine within individuals to generate distinct vulnerability configurations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To identify person-centered profiles of psychosocial functioning during pregnancy and to examine their association with depressive symptoms across the perinatal period.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants and setting<\/jats:title>\n A sample of 774 pregnant women was recruited from full-term and high-risk pregnancy clinics at one of the largest birth centers in Southern Italy. A subsample of 200 women (25.8%) completed the postpartum follow-up at 6\u202fmonths (T1).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n An item-level k-means cluster analysis (\n k<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f3) was performed on 44 items from the CTQ-SF, DAS-7, MSSS, and MAAS. Cluster differences in EPDS scores were tested cross-sectionally with one-way ANOVA and a covariate-adjusted model (T0), and longitudinally with a repeated-measures ANOVA (T0\u2013T1). A formal attrition analysis and domain-level sensitivity analyses were also conducted.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Three profiles emerged: Low-Risk (53.7%), Moderately Adjusted (31.7%), and High-Adversity (14.6%). Between-cluster differences in depressive symptoms were significant at T0 (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 771)\u202f=\u202f62.52,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001,\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u202f=\u202f0.140), were essentially unchanged after adjustment for sociodemographic and obstetric covariates (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 747)\u202f=\u202f58.15,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u202f=\u202f0.135), and persisted across the perinatal period (main effect of cluster:\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 197)\u202f=\u202f22.74,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001, partial\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u202f=\u202f0.188), with no significant Time effect (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (1, 197)\u202f=\u202f0.38,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.54) or Cluster\u202f\u00d7\u202fTime interaction (\n F<\/jats:italic>\n (2, 197)\u202f=\u202f1.40,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.25). At T0, 11.1, 35.9, and 44.2% of the Low-Risk, Moderately Adjusted, and High-Adversity profiles, respectively, scored above the EPDS clinical cut-off (\u2265 9;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Item-level cluster analysis reveals clinically significant heterogeneity in perinatal risk. Between-profile differences in depressive symptoms persisted across the perinatal period and may inform stratified, trauma-informed prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1899047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:26:19Z","timestamp":1791519979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Past wounds, present bonds, future mothers: item-level analysis of perinatal risk profiles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Mineo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University \u201cGiuseppe Degennaro\u201d","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Maiorana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HCU Obstetrics and Gynecology, ARNAS Civico Di Cristina-Benfratelli Hospital","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Guarneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jada","family":"Sottile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Bevacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda A.","family":"Antonucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro","place":["Bari, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Infurna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/pere.12278","article-title":"Romantic attachment, dyadic coping, and parental adjustment across the transition to parenthood","volume":"26","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers. 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