{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:12:21Z","timestamp":1788415941317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although several instruments have been developed to assess spatial skills, most were designed for older students, emphasize specific components of spatial ability, or have not been specifically designed to reflect the developmental characteristics and mathematics curriculum of fourth-grade primary school students. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a valid and reliable spatial skills test specifically designed for fourth-grade primary school students. The study employed a quantitative methodological instrument development design. First, a literature review was conducted to generate an item pool, after which the test\u2019s content validity was established through expert evaluations. The draft test was administered to 360 fourth-grade students attending public primary schools in the Black Sea Region of T\u00fcrkiye during the 2024\u20132025 academic year. Item difficulty and discrimination indices, corrected item\u2013total correlations, lower\u2013upper group comparisons, the Kuder\u2013Richardson-20 (KR-20) reliability coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Rasch model analysis were used to evaluate the instrument\u2019s psychometric properties. The findings resulted in a final 23-item test consisting of three dimensions: spatial visualization, spatial relations, and spatial orientation. The KR-20 coefficient was 0.827, indicating good internal consistency, while the Rasch analysis demonstrated acceptable item fit and satisfactory person separation reliability. Although the CFA provided partial support for the proposed three-dimensional structure, the construct validity evidence was strengthened by the complementary findings obtained from the Rasch model and classical test theory analyses. Overall, the findings indicate that the developed instrument provides promising evidence of validity and reliability for assessing the spatial skills of fourth-grade primary school students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1901482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:13:53Z","timestamp":1788412433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of a spatial skills test for 4th grade primary school students: validity and reliability study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Elif","family":"Ayd\u0131n-\u00c7olak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Education, Graduate School of Education, Ondokuz May\u0131s University","place":["Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neslihan","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Education, Sinop University","place":["Sinop, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Kas\u0131m","family":"K\u0131ro\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Education, Faculty of Education, Ondokuz May\u0131s University","place":["Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.21449\/ijate.1102435","article-title":"Spatial ability test for university students: development, validity and reliability studies","volume":"10","author":"A\u00e7\u0131kg\u00fcl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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