{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:52:05Z","timestamp":1791525125028,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical education majors have a dual identity as current learners and future educators. Their digital literacy is not only related to their adaptation to digital learning environments but also directly influences the development of their future competence in physical education teaching, training organization, and management practice. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically identify and strengthen educational support for their digital literacy development. However, existing studies have mainly focused on digital literacy levels or single influencing factors, with insufficient attention paid to the educational support structure underlying the formation of digital literacy. In particular, standardized measurement tools tailored to the context of physical education remain limited. This study aimed to construct a Digital Literacy Education Support model for physical education majors in China and to develop and validate a corresponding scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 physical education majors and 12 university teachers and counselors. The interview data were analyzed using grounded theory through three-stage coding, which identified five main categories: personal traits, symbiotic environment, school environment, social environment, and policy and institutional system. Based on these categories, an educational support model was constructed. Subsequently, an initial item pool was developed through literature analysis and expert review, and item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability and validity testing were conducted using pilot and formal survey data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that exploratory factor analysis supported a five-factor structure, explaining 58.119% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/df\u202f=\u202f2.725, RMSEA\u202f=\u202f0.037, CFI\u202f=\u202f0.968, TLI\u202f=\u202f0.965, IFI\u202f=\u202f0.968). Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficients, split-half reliability, and test\u2013retest reliability for all dimensions met recommended psychometric standards, and the scale demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that the development of digital literacy among physical education majors is shaped by the joint effects of multilevel support involving individual, relational, school, social, and institutional conditions. The developed 30-item scale shows good reliability and validity and can provide a theoretical basis and practical tool for universities to diagnose and improve educational support for digital literacy among physical education majors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1901994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:34:33Z","timestamp":1791524073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction of a digital literacy education support model and development and validation of a scale for physical education majors in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dongbin","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1344\/der.2025.47.229-246","article-title":"Tracing back from online learning during the pandemic: digital literacy and online learning self-efficacy in today's physical education","volume":"47","author":"Alano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digital Education Review"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"230","article-title":"Digital literacy of future preschool teachers","volume":"11","author":"Anisimova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soc. Stud. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12662-7","article-title":"Digital literacy scale: validity and reliability study with the rasch model","volume":"29","author":"Avin\u00e7","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"30","article-title":"Influencing factors and promotion strategies of university teachers' information literacy","volume":"7","author":"Ban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Library Work and Study"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1780357","article-title":"The pursuit of quality in grounded theory","volume":"18","author":"Charmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105017","article-title":"A self-determination theory approach to teacher digital competence development","volume":"214","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000484","article-title":"The multidimensional workaholism scale: linking the conceptualization and measurement of workaholism","volume":"105","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Scale Development: Theory and Applications","author":"DeVellis","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"583","article-title":"Value implication, practical challenge and improvement path of the digital literacy of college PE teachers in the digital era","volume":"41","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Xi'an Phys Educ Univ"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"DIGCOMP B. A Framework for Developing and Understanding Digital Competence in Europe. IPTS Reports","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"122","article-title":"Value, dilemma and path of digital literacy improvement of college physical education teachers in the new era","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contemp Sports Technol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203793206","volume-title":"Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research","author":"Glaser","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.11.011","article-title":"Students\u2019 ICT self-efficacy and computer and information literacy: determinants and relationships","volume":"118","author":"Hatlevik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"131","article-title":"The logical dimension and practical strategies of cultivating normal university students' digital literacy in the intelligent digital era","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Res High Educ"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/109442819800100106","article-title":"A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires","volume":"1","author":"Hinkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"86","article-title":"Exploration of the types and influencing factors of normal university students' digital literacy\u2014\u2014a latent profile analysis","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"China Educ Technol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"85","article-title":"Crossing the digital divide: the construction and improvement of digital literacy of PE teachers in primary and secondary schools","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ Res Mon"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S428369","article-title":"Construction and scale development of willingness to utilize primary care services: a study from China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"77","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting digital literacy of economics and trade majors in the smart learning environment","volume":"6","author":"Man","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Informatization"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010321","article-title":"Physical education teachers\u2019 perceived digital competences: are they prepared for the challenges of the new digital age?","volume":"14","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Rico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122664","article-title":"Digital transformation in education: a systematic review of education 4.0","volume":"194","author":"Mukul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X004010007","article-title":"Psychometric theory\u201425 years ago and now","volume":"4","author":"Nunnally","year":"1975","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55828","DOI":"10.2196\/55828","article-title":"Development and validation of the digital sensitivity scale for adults: cross-sectional observational study","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Development of digital literacy and competence of future sports teachers in the physical and educational environment","volume":"16","author":"Salimzyanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11431-8","article-title":"Impacts of digital technologies on education and factors influencing schools' digital capacity and transformation: a literature review","volume":"28","author":"Timotheou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00330-0","article-title":"Development and validation of students\u2019 digital competence scale (SDiCoS)","volume":"19","author":"Tzafilkou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref31","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","article-title":"Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of Technology1","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/25742981.2022.2106881","article-title":"Digital technology and teacher digital competency in physical education: a holistic view of teacher and student perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curric Stud Health Phys Educ"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"120","article-title":"Intelligence education literacy of normal school students: framework construction,current situation investigation and training path","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Educ Technol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12546","article-title":"Supporting digitally enhanced learning through measurement in higher education: development and validation of a university students' digital competence scale","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X231193556","article-title":"Information and communication technologies in physical education: exploring the association between role modeling and digital literacy","volume":"30","author":"Wohlfart","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"63","article-title":"Multidimensional evaluation and differential empowerment: a study on the evaluation index construction and training path of digital literacy for normal university students","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"79","article-title":"Influencing factors of college students' digital literacy under the background of total factor digital transformation","volume":"19","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digital Library Forum"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"102","article-title":"Development and examination of digital literacy scale for primary and secondary physical education teachers under the background of educational digitization","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Research on the Influencing Factors of ICT Application Ability of Primary and Secondary School Teachers In the Smart Class [Master]","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"113","article-title":"Analysis on the influencing factors of information users' continuous attention behavior of university new media platform based on grounded theory","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104212","article-title":"Digital competence in higher education research: a systematic literature review","volume":"168","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1901994\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:34:37Z","timestamp":1791524077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1901994\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1901994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1901994","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"article-number":"1901994"}}