{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:59:50Z","timestamp":1785387590213,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Exercise has shown promise for supporting executive function in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but findings remain inconsistent, partly because exercise dose has not been examined systematically. This study examined the immediate effects of acute cycling with different combinations of intensity and duration on executive function in children with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A within-subject repeated-measures design was used. Thirty children with ASD completed one non-exercise sedentary control session at enrollment, followed by four counterbalanced cycling sessions arranged in a 2\u202f\u00d7\u202f2 exercise-dose matrix: 20\u202fmin low-intensity, 40\u202fmin low-intensity, 20\u202fmin moderate-intensity, and 40\u202fmin moderate-intensity cycling. Exercise intensity was monitored using the heart rate reserve method. Selected executive function components were assessed after each condition using the Early Years Toolbox, including the Go\/No-Go task for inhibitory control and the Mr. Ant task for working memory. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted, followed by FDR-corrected planned comparisons between each exercise condition and the sedentary control condition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Significant condition effects were observed for Go reaction time (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.024,\n \n partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.092), No-Go reaction time (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.006,\n \n partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.116), Go accuracy (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.046,\n \n partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.080), No-Go accuracy (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.006,\n \n partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.115), and the inhibitory-control composite score (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001,\n \n partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.405). Moderate-intensity exercise showed the clearest post-session advantages relative to sedentary control, with the 40-min moderate-intensity condition showing the most consistent pattern across inhibitory-control outcomes. For the inhibitory-control composite score, all four exercise conditions were higher than sedentary control. No significant condition effect was found for working memory (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.353,\n \n partial \u03b7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.037).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Acute cycling may have selective short-term effects on selected executive function components in children with ASD. Moderate-intensity cycling, particularly a 40-min session under the present protocol, was associated with more favorable inhibitory-control performance, whereas immediate changes in working memory were not observed. These findings should be interpreted in light of the non-counterbalanced sedentary control session.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.html?proj=248491<\/jats:ext-link>\n , ChiCTR2400091872.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1902127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:21:42Z","timestamp":1785385302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose-related effects of acute cycling on executive function in children with autism spectrum disorder: a within-subject repeated-measures study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Brain Health, Nanjing Sport Institute","place":["Nanjing, China"]},{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Funing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Brain Health, Nanjing Sport Institute","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Physical Education and Sport","place":["Gdansk, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liye","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Brain Health, Nanjing Sport Institute","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005","article-title":"Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control","volume":"108","author":"Bari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. 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