{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1785473950707,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taekwondo athletes are frequently exposed to intensive training demands, competitive pressure, and injury-related stress, all of which may increase their vulnerability to psychological distress. Although mindfulness has been widely recognized as a protective psychological resource, less is known about how it is associated with psychological distress among taekwondo athletes, particularly through self-regulatory and cognitive mechanisms. Therefore, this study examined the association of mindfulness with psychological distress among taekwondo athletes and further explored the mediating roles of stress self-management and brooding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2026 among 346 taekwondo athletes recruited using a convenience sampling approach from university teams, sports schools\/professional training teams, and competitive clubs in China. Participants completed measures of mindfulness, stress self-management, brooding, and psychological distress. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesized relationships, and bootstrapping was used to examine the indirect effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The structural model showed a good fit to the data. After controlling for training frequency and sports injury experience, mindfulness was positively associated with stress self-management (\u03b2 = 0.435,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and negatively associated with brooding (\u03b2 = \u22120.258,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Stress self-management was negatively associated with both brooding (\u03b2 = \u22120.351,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and psychological distress (\u03b2 = \u22120.290,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas brooding was positively associated with psychological distress (\u03b2 = 0.335,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The standardized indirect effect of mindfulness on psychological distress through stress self-management and brooding was significant (\u03b2 = \u22120.264, SE = 0.040, 95% CI [\u22120.342, \u22120.187],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The model explained 19.3% of the variance in stress self-management, 26.9% of the variance in brooding, and 28.7% of the variance in psychological distress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mindfulness was associated with lower psychological distress among taekwondo athletes, both directly and indirectly through higher stress self-management and lower brooding. These findings highlight the importance of mindfulness as a psychological resource in athletic settings and suggest that interventions aimed at improving stress self-management and reducing maladaptive rumination may help promote athletes' mental wellbeing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1904502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1785471850000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mindfulness and psychological distress among Chinese taekwondo athletes: the mediating roles of stress, self-management, and brooding"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Hoseo University","place":["Asan-si, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangyu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Hoseo University","place":["Asan-si, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology","place":["Xiangtan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.10.022","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health problems in elite athletes","volume":"23","author":"Akesdotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"B2","year":""},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102267","article-title":"What do we know about the effects of mental training applied to combat sports? A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Andreato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-030122-124119","article-title":"Stress management interventions to facilitate psychological and physiological adaptation and optimal health outcomes in cancer patients and survivors","volume":"74","author":"Antoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1797695","article-title":"Job Demands\u2013resources theory and self-regulation: new explanations and remedies for job burnout","volume":"34","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954119897528","article-title":"Recovery self-regulation in sport: theory, research, and practice","volume":"15","author":"Balk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90022-L","article-title":"Social cognitive theory of self-regulation","volume":"50","author":"Bandura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.01.024","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation: do-it-yourself medicalization of every moment","volume":"106","author":"Barker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0701_1","article-title":"Self-regulation failure: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Baumeister","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002267","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2024-002267","article-title":"Mental distress is associated with injury and illness in elite Para athletes: a 44-week prospective study over 13 860 athlete days","volume":"11","author":"Bentzen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-024-02429-z","article-title":"Conceptualizing mindfulness using construal level theory: a two-dimensional model","volume":"15","author":"Bigman-Peer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-012-0109-2","article-title":"Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Birrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-007-0068-z","article-title":"Multidimensional perfectionism and ruminative brooding in current dysphoria, anxiety, worry, and anger","volume":"26","author":"Blankstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ration. Emotive Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23366","article-title":"Examining the role of brooding, distress, and negative urgency in dysregulated behaviors: a cross-sectional study in treatment-seeking young people","volume":"78","author":"Borg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2024.03.004","article-title":"Mindfulness effects on anxiety: disentangling the role of decentering and treatment expectations","volume":"55","author":"Bos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0159-9","article-title":"Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes","volume":"44","author":"Bridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.4.822","article-title":"The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being","volume":"84","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbct.2024.100485","article-title":"Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationship between biased cognitions and depression","volume":"34","author":"Brzozowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Behav. Cogn. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.03.007","article-title":"Self-evaluative and emotion processes linked with brooding rumination among adolescents","volume":"41","author":"Burwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410709336568","article-title":"Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping","volume":"36","author":"Burwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"Control Theory: A Useful Conceptual Framework for Personality\u2013Social, Clinical, and Health Psychology.","author":"Carver","year":"1982"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.7.4.322","article-title":"Physiological versus psychological evaluation in taekwondo elite athletes","volume":"7","author":"Casolino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-020-09898-1","article-title":"Do worry and brooding predict health behaviors? a daily diary investigation","volume":"27","author":"Clancy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.32604\/ijmhp.2025.068523","article-title":"Mindfulness and mental health of college athletes: the role of stress coping and burnout","volume":"27","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Promot."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-026-09334-9","article-title":"Self-regulation strategies in anxiety and stress management interventions for severe mental disorders: a scoping review","volume":"45","author":"Deliu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97179-w","article-title":"Effects of long-term mindfulness meditation training on attentional capacity in professional male fencer athletes","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2850","article-title":"On the role of mindfulness and compassion skills in students' coping, well-being, and development across the transition to college: a conceptual analysis","volume":"35","author":"Dvor\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09730-8","article-title":"Motivational, identity-based, and self-regulatory factors associated with academic achievement of us collegiate student-athletes: a meta-analytic investigation","volume":"35","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030220","article-title":"Mindfulness and acceptance models in sport psychology: a decade of basic and applied scientific advancements","volume":"53","author":"Gardner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100671","article-title":"Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Gouttebarge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00220","article-title":"Mindfulness and emotion regulation: insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies","volume":"8","author":"Guendelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2017.08.008","article-title":"Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression","volume":"40","author":"Hofmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-152145","article-title":"Employee stress management: an examination of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies on employee health","volume":"53","author":"Holton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.115788","article-title":"Effects of a taekwondo-specific high-intensity interval training protocol on the biomarkers of cardiovascular and biochemical recovery in collegiate athletes","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2024.2414442","article-title":"How do athletes perform well under pressure? A meta-study","volume":"19","author":"Hufton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.8.4.307","article-title":"Positive deviance among athletes: the implications of overconformity to the sport ethic","volume":"8","author":"Hughes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc. Sport Jo."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2006.08.003","article-title":"Stress self-management: an intervention for women with physical disabilities","volume":"16","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.516270","article-title":"Academic performance and self-regulatory skills in elite youth soccer players","volume":"28","author":"Jonker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9891-3","article-title":"How is anxiety involved in the longitudinal relationship between brooding rumination and depressive symptoms in adolescents?","volume":"42","author":"Jose","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-017-0711-4","article-title":"Mindfulness mechanisms in sports: mediating effects of rumination and emotion regulation on sport-specific coping","volume":"8","author":"Josefsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-198602030-00004","article-title":"Four-year follow-up of a meditation-based program for the self-regulation of chronic pain: treatment outcomes and compliance","volume":"2","author":"Kabat-Zinn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-018-0885-4","article-title":"Association between trait mindfulness and variability of coping strategies: a diary study","volume":"9","author":"Keng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0480-x","article-title":"Effects of mindful acceptance and reappraisal training on maladaptive beliefs about rumination","volume":"7","author":"Keng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.04.006","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical studies","volume":"31","author":"Keng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074","article-title":"Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress","volume":"32","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116634","article-title":"Effect of judo athletes' psychological function on sports coping skills: moderated mediating effect of tension","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2016.1235166","article-title":"Rumination in migraine: mediating effects of brooding and reflection between migraine and psychological distress","volume":"31","author":"Kokonyei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.08.007","article-title":"Interaction effect of brooding rumination and interoceptive awareness on depression and anxiety symptoms","volume":"85","author":"Lackner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2025.100350","article-title":"Integrative self-regulation model for sport and exercise: theory and implications for comprehensive training","volume":"13","author":"Latinjak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perform. Enhanc. Health"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357627","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2024.2357627","article-title":"The effectiveness and applicability of mindfulness intervention in psychological adaptation after sports injury: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-017-9665-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of mindfulness: the mediating roles of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive factors","volume":"38","author":"Maltais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105596","article-title":"Effect of mindfulness-based programmes on elite athlete mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Myall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410600630654","article-title":"Coping in sport: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Nicholls","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569","article-title":"Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes","volume":"100","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2019.101636","article-title":"Implementation of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression and to improve psychological well-being among retired Iranian football players","volume":"47","author":"Norouzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265783","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1265783","article-title":"Coping strategies for handling stress and providing mental health in elite athletes: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Nuetzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630784","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1630784","article-title":"Stress and its impact on elite athletes' wellbeing and mental health\u2014a mini narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Nuetzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-007-9173-7","article-title":"Brooding perfectionism: refining the roles of rumination and perfectionism in the etiology of depression","volume":"32","author":"Olson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy Res."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294118781855","article-title":"The importance of coping and emotion regulation in the occurrence of suicidal behavior","volume":"122","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2014.09.004","article-title":"Brooding rumination as a mediator in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Orue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550949","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1550949","article-title":"Mindfulness influence on psychological wellbeing: in search of cultural adaptations","volume":"16","author":"Paz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2016-0047","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based interventions in high school and college athletes for reducing stress and injury, and improving quality of life","volume":"26","author":"Petterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e31819a8248","article-title":"Reliability and construct validity of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II in an adult Turkish population","volume":"58","author":"Pinar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.151","article-title":"The burden of brooding on neural error processing: the role of repetitive negative thinking in major depressive disorder with and without comorbid anxiety disorders","volume":"369","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0492-2","article-title":"The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.02.006","article-title":"Mindfulness and emotion regulation","volume":"3","author":"Roemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-00863-z","article-title":"The relationship between mindfulness and athletes' mental skills may be explained by emotion regulation and self-regulation","volume":"16","author":"Rogowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00449-7","article-title":"Differential and shared effects of psychological skills training and mindfulness training on performance-relevant psychological factors in sport: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"R\u00f6thlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.02016","article-title":"Rumination and performance in dynamic","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Team Sport. Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3526","article-title":"Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: a meta-analytic review","volume":"33","author":"Scharfen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-020-00839-5","article-title":"Meditation experience is associated with lower levels of repetitive negative thinking: the key role of self-compassion","volume":"41","author":"Schlosser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Schultz","year":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2263-5_7"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587214543143","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1683242025","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1683-24.2025","article-title":"Stress management in athletes: predictive effects of sleep deprivation-induced cognitive control changes on competition performance","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.12.4.343","article-title":"Behavioral intervention for stress management in sports","volume":"12","author":"Suinn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse","volume":"163","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903369919","article-title":"Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players","volume":"27","author":"Toering","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561","article-title":"Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis","volume":"27","author":"Treynor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.07.020","article-title":"Measuring mindfulness? An item response theory analysis of the mindful attention awareness scale","volume":"49","author":"Van Dam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Personal. Ind. Diff."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032038","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on promoting athletic performance and related factors among athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-009-0098-9","article-title":"Depressive rumination and co-morbidity: evidence for brooding as a transdiagnostic process","volume":"27","author":"Watkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ration. Emotive Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199111050-00002","article-title":"Stress management for athletes","volume":"11","author":"Wilks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23259671211061112","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211061112","article-title":"Foot and ankle injuries in elite taekwondo athletes: a 4-year descriptive analysis","volume":"9","author":"Willauschus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2015.0301","article-title":"Happier healers: randomized controlled trial of mobile mindfulness for stress management","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-025-02634-4","article-title":"Effects of mindfulness intervention on cognitive function in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02999-0","article-title":"Research on the influence of mindfulness on adolescent athlete burnout\u2014chain mediating effect analysis of future time perspective and self-efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Yiyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089110","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1089110","article-title":"On the self-regulation of sport practice: moving the narrative from theory and assessment toward practice","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789097","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1789097","article-title":"Exploring the interplay of cognitive flexibility, self-regulation, and perceived control in enhancing psychological recovery among competitive athletes","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2026.103080","article-title":"The relationship between mindfulness, competitive anxiety, and self-efficacy in Taekwondo athletes with\/without injury: the moderated mediation model","volume":"84","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56149-4","article-title":"The association between physical activity, self-efficacy, stress self-management and mental health among adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1904502\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:12Z","timestamp":1785471852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1904502\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1904502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1904502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"article-number":"1904502"}}