{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:27:46Z","timestamp":1786116466796,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study addresses persistent challenges in China's humanistic and liberal education, including cultural disjunction, weakened value guidance, and insufficient integration of knowledge into practice. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a four-in-one \u201cinfusive\u201d educational model based on the interaction of character, literature, culture, and civilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The model was developed through theoretical construction, literature synthesis, and pedagogical practice, and was empirically evaluated in the Chinese Character Culture course at Shanghai Jaio Tong University. A quasi-experimental design was employed, comparing an experimental group receiving infusive instruction with two control groups\u2013a traditional multimedia teaching group and a no-course group. Data were collected through quantitative measures (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests and ANOVA) and qualitative evidence (interviews, course assignments, and follow-up investigations).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide empirical support for the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed four-in-one educational model. Compared with the control groups, students in the experimental group demonstrated greater improvements in cultural self-awareness, value internalization, and overall learning satisfaction. They also exhibited stronger cultural identity, higher levels of engagement, and a greater ability to connect disciplinary knowledge with lived values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposes a novel four-in-one pedagogical paradigm that integrates digital and physical learning environments with the internal logic of Chinese culture. Unlike conventional approaches to liberal education, the model promotes the internalization of cultural values through experiential learning while providing a scalable and replicable framework for innovation in humanistic education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1905343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T10:32:40Z","timestamp":1786012360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative practices in humanistic and liberal education: a four-in-one \u201cinfusive\u201d educational model regarding character, literature, culture, and civilization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuanchun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Language and Literature, School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinmeng","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Language and Literature, School of Humanities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00373-y","article-title":"Modelling economics students' use of ChatGPT and academic performance: insights from self-determination theory and epistemic curiosity","volume":"5","author":"Acquah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO Taxonomy (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome)","author":"Biggs","year":"1982"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/09658416.2011.639887","article-title":"Language awareness and (critical) cultural awareness - relationships, comparisons and contrasts","volume":"21","author":"Byram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lang. Aware."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"67","article-title":"The construction process and mechanisms of immersive experience scenes: a case study based on \u201cthe longest day in Chang'an\u201d theme","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bloc Foreign Econ. Manage."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823","article-title":"The ICAP framework: linking cognitive engagement to active learning outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Chi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"34","article-title":"Tension between general education and Chinese higher education system","volume":"4","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Beijing Norm. Univ. (Soc. Sci.)"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"31","article-title":"Curriculum-based ideological and political education: an inevitable choice for effectively leveraging the main channel role of the classroom in nurturing students","volume":"1","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lead. J. Ideol. Theor. Educ."},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"The Traditional Culture and Cultural Tradition","author":"Hao","year":"2021"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037690","article-title":"Psychometric structure of the Chinese multiethnic adolescent cultural identity questionnaire","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2019.07.009","article-title":"Cultural awareness requires more than theoretical education - nursing students' experiences","volume":"39","author":"Hultsj\u00f6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139524667","article-title":"Immersion education: international perspectives","author":"Johnson","year":"1997"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-019-0363-x","article-title":"Increasing cultural awareness: qualitative study of nurses' perceptions about cultural competence training","volume":"18","author":"Kaihlanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"141","article-title":"Creative teaching innovations to align with bloom's taxonomy: leadership and immersion experiences","volume":"41","author":"Kiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Health Adm. Educ."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3726\/PR022022.0012","article-title":"Auf den Schultern von Riesen: John Dewey und die Maxime, Learning by Doing","volume":"76","author":"Knoll","year":"2022","journal-title":"P\u00e4Dagogische Rundschau"},{"key":"B15","volume-title":"The Psychology of Moral Development: Essays on Moral Development","author":"Kohlberg","year":"1984"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development","author":"Kolb","year":"1984"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Report on Ideological and Political Practice in Chinese Character Culture Course [Unpublished Report]","author":"Liu","year":"2023"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ritual wine vessel \u2018He Zun' and King Cheng's planning of the capital","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bronzes Inscr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.7401","article-title":"Transformative learning: theory to practice","volume":"74","author":"Mezirow","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Dir. Adult Contin. Educ."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"188","article-title":"The cultural tradition and traditional culture","volume":"3","author":"Pang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chin. Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"Harvard Cancels More than 30 Fall Courses Following Faculty Departures\n          \n          \n            \n              Parker\n              A. J.\n            \n            \n              Sykes\n              W. G.\n            \n          \n          Cambridge, MA\n          The Harvard Crimson\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.54.3.271","article-title":"Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: current status and future directions","volume":"54","author":"Phinney","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03794-w","article-title":"Work station learning activities (WSLA) through the ICAP framework: a qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"1353","article-title":"The structure of human values: validity and reliability of the portrait values questionnaire across 27 countries","volume":"47","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cross Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"128","article-title":"Chinese tradition, western influence and the institutionalization of general education reform in Mainland China since 1980s","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peking Univ. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"General Education in a Free Society: Report of the Harward Committee","year":"2010"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-023-00197-4","article-title":"Questioning central assumptions of the ICAP framework","volume":"8","author":"Thurn","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Learn."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20240422-04","article-title":"Development of the \u201cthrough the eyes of \u2026\u201d program for improving cultural awareness","volume":"64","author":"Tschannen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Educ."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00515-3","article-title":"Engagement with analytics feedback and its relationship to self-regulated learning competence and course performance","volume":"17","author":"Uzun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High Educ."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Thinking and Speech","author":"Vygotsky","year":""},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2020.1852201","article-title":"University students' perceptions of learning of moral education: a response to lifelong moral education in higher education","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Teach. High. Educ."},{"key":"B32","article-title":"An innovative teaching model of ideological and political courses in colleges and universities based on human-machine collaboration","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Vocat. Educ."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13530","article-title":"From recorded to AI-generated instructional videos: a comparison of learning performance and experience","volume":"56","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Information technology revolution and school education reform: reflection and prospect","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. East China Norm. Univ. (Educ. Sci.)"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effects of reduction on teacher's teaching load in the lesson development of AI-Led lnstruction: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. East China Norm. Univ. (Educ. Sci.)"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"1","article-title":"On object narrative and quadruple evidences of Chinese civilization exploration","volume":"38","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lanzhou Univ. (Soc. Sci.)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.17569\/tojqi.776499","article-title":"The role of cultural awareness in the EFL classroom","volume":"12","author":"Yurtsever","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. Online J. Qual. Inq."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1905343\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T10:32:44Z","timestamp":1786012364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1905343\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1905343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1905343","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"article-number":"1905343"}}