{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:11:29Z","timestamp":1790143889019,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between psychological resilience and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) remains unclear at the population level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 147,143 UK Biobank participants with available Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) data and complete covariate information. Parkinson\u2019s disease was ascertained using a previously published UK Biobank algorithm. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between subsequently assessed BRS scores and prior PD after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, clinical, and genetic factors. Restricted cubic splines were used to assess nonlinearity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 55.3\u202fyears, 56.4% of participants were women, and 346 (0.24%) had Parkinson\u2019s disease. Higher subsequently assessed BRS scores were associated with lower odds of a prior Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis. In the fully adjusted model, each 1-point increase in BRS was associated with an OR of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.55\u20130.73;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Compared with the lowest BRS tertile, the OR was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.50\u20130.80) for the middle tertile and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.31\u20130.59) for the highest tertile (P for trend&amp;lt;0.001). Inverse associations were also observed for all six BRS items. The overall association was significant in restricted cubic spline analysis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), with no evidence of nonlinearity (P for nonlinearity\u202f=\u202f0.314). No statistically significant interactions were observed in subgroup analyses. Results were similar in inverse probability-weighted analyses, after additional adjustment for anxiety and depression, and after multiple imputation for missing covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis was associated with lower subsequently assessed self-reported psychological resilience in the UK Biobank. Given the observational design, causality cannot be established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1906543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:54:09Z","timestamp":1790142849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prior Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosis and subsequent self-reported psychological resilience in the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaiqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadf4428","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf4428","article-title":"Prospective study design and data analysis in UK Biobank","volume":"16","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4699","article-title":"Association between antiepileptic drugs and incident Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Belete","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04368-5","article-title":"The brief resilience scale: a genome-wide association study in the UK Biobank","volume":"23","author":"Cornelis","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207019","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207019","article-title":"Differential impact of resilience on demoralization and depression in Parkinson disease","volume":"14","author":"de Figueiredo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","article-title":"The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-026-01275-y","article-title":"Pathological protein targets in Parkinson's disease: progress towards the development of disease-modifying therapies","volume":"40","author":"Dzamko","year":"2026","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.20126","article-title":"Resilience and trauma among patients with Parkinson's disease during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Erro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12767","article-title":"Perceived stress, resilience, and health-related quality of life among Parkinson's disease caregivers in Mexico","volume":"27","author":"Ertl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00700-7","article-title":"Social isolation and the risk of Parkinson disease in the UK Biobank study","volume":"10","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00810-2","article-title":"Grip strength, genetic predisposition, and incident Parkinson's disease: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf080","article-title":"The accuracy of diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service","volume":"125","author":"Hughes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232726","article-title":"The role of cortisol in chronic stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Knezevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03070-z","article-title":"Shared and distinct cortical morphometric alterations in five neuropsychiatric symptoms of Parkinson's disease","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.90","article-title":"Immune and neuroendocrine mechanisms of stress vulnerability and resilience","volume":"42","author":"M\u00e9nard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.153951","article-title":"Neuroinflammation disorders exacerbated by environmental stressors","volume":"100","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29212","article-title":"Disease progression, resilience, and inflammation markers during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Pauly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19709-x","article-title":"Association between kidney function and Parkinson's disease risk: a prospective study from the UK Biobank","volume":"24","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.09.021","article-title":"What determines resilience in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Robottom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0245-2","article-title":"The UK Biobank","volume":"15","author":"Rusk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315590268","article-title":"The roles of resilience and nonmotor symptoms in adjustment to Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Shamaskin-Garroway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","article-title":"The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1947-4","article-title":"Cortisol levels, motor, cognitive and behavioral symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"126","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e080952","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","article-title":"Projections for prevalence of Parkinson's disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: modelling study of global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"388","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2401857","article-title":"Parkinson's disease","volume":"391","author":"Tanner","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0307270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307270","article-title":"A systematic evaluation of the performance and properties of the UK Biobank polygenic risk score (PRS) release","volume":"19","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00692-4","article-title":"Predictors of stress resilience in Parkinson's disease and associations with symptom progression","volume":"10","author":"van der Heide","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202251","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological distress, physical activity, and symptom severity in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"van der Heide","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332353","article-title":"Association between appendectomy and Parkinson's disease from the UK Biobank","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1017\/s0959259810000420","article-title":"What is resilience? A review and concept analysis","volume":"21","author":"Windle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00125-5","article-title":"Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: trials and technical advances","volume":"24","author":"Winston","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809301","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2026.1809301","article-title":"Association of the Naples prognostic score with Parkinson disease risk: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.0183","article-title":"Physical frailty, genetic predisposition, and incident Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1906543\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:54:09Z","timestamp":1790142849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1906543\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1906543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1906543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1906543"}}