{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:59:50Z","timestamp":1790657990291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Inroduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University students often experience difficulties maintaining regular extracurricular exercise, yet less is known about how exercise-related confidence, involvement, and perceived fitness unfold within individuals over time. This three-wave longitudinal study examined the dynamic associations among Exercise Self-Efficacy (ESE), Extracurricular Exercise Involvement (EEI), and Perceived Physical Fitness (PPF) in Chinese undergraduates using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Undergraduate students aged 18 years or older from eight universities in Sichuan Province, China, participated in offline surveys at three waves with approximately eight-week intervals. The baseline (T1) analytic sample included 1,673 students; 1,543 provided valid follow-up data at T2, and 1,455 provided valid follow-up data at T3. Manifest mean scores of ESE, EEI, and PPF were analyzed in Mplus 8.3 using robust maximum likelihood and full-information maximum likelihood for missing data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The free-lag RI-CLPM showed excellent fit and was retained as the final model. At the within-person level, higher-than-usual ESE predicted higher-than-usual EEI at the subsequent wave across both intervals. Higher-than-usual EEI also predicted higher-than-usual PPF across both intervals. In addition, EEI at T2 positively predicted ESE at T3; individual between-interval path differences did not survive multiplicity adjustment. In contrast, PPF did not significantly predict later ESE or EEI. The specific indirect association from ESE_T1 to PPF_T3 through EEI_T2 was small (b = 0.02250; standardized estimate = 0.02038) and received tentative support from the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap interval [0.004, 0.051], while the Wald test was marginal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.055).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings identify exercise self-efficacy and the quality of extracurricular exercise involvement as candidate targets for experimental research on university students\u2019 perceived fitness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1909123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:43:30Z","timestamp":1790657010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic associations among exercise self-efficacy, extracurricular exercise involvement, and perceived physical fitness in Chinese undergraduates: a three-wave RI-CLPM study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yihe","family":"Gai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hongyi College, Chengdu Technological University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengli","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Greater Health, Sichuan Technology and Business University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Shinawatra University","place":["Pathum Thani, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/tac.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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