{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:02:32Z","timestamp":1790744552182,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence on the psychometric performance of the Positive Youth Development Scale\u2013Short Form (PYD-SF) in Spanish-speaking university populations remains limited. This study examined evidence based on internal structure, measurement invariance across sex, internal consistency, the empirical distinctiveness of the five dimensions, and relations with purpose in life for PYD-SF scores in Peruvian university students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional instrumental study was conducted with 1,015 Peruvian university students aged 18 to 30\u202fyears. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) estimator for ordinal data. Measurement invariance across sex, internal consistency, the empirical distinctiveness of the five dimensions, and relations with purpose in life were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings supported a correlated five-factor structure consistent with the theoretical 5Cs model. Strict measurement invariance across sex was established. Internal consistency coefficients were generally acceptable, although the categorical omega coefficient for Caring was marginal. Heterotrait\u2013monotrait ratios remained below 0.85, and all five dimensions showed positive and statistically significant correlations with purpose in life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide evidence based on internal structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance across sex, the empirical distinctiveness of the five dimensions, and relations with purpose in life for PYD-SF scores in Peruvian university students. These results support their use for group-level research in comparable university populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1909136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:51:24Z","timestamp":1790743884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric validation of the positive youth development scale\u2013short form in Peruvian university students"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vilma","family":"Vilca-Pareja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Posgrado, Estudios Generales, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","place":["Arequipa, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo-Alejandro","family":"Ardiles-Irarr\u00e1zabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad de Antofagasta","place":["Antofagasta, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Ritchar","family":"Yana-Calla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","place":["Arequipa, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Rojas-Zegarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","place":["Arequipa, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agueda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Del-Carpio-Toia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Posgrado, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Estudios Generales, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santa Mar\u00eda","place":["Arequipa, Peru"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641876","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641876","article-title":"The 5Cs of positive youth development, purpose in life, hope, and well-being among emerging adults in Malaysia","volume":"12","author":"Abdul Kadir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.29.3.178511","article-title":"Un sistema de clasificaci\u00f3n de los dise\u00f1os de investigaci\u00f3n en psicolog\u00eda","volume":"29","author":"Ato","year":"2013","journal-title":"An. Psicol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research, Second Edition","author":"Brown","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977507","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.977507","article-title":"Developmental assets and positive youth development in Brazilian university students","volume":"13","author":"de Jesus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0938-y","article-title":"Factor structure and criterion validity of the five Cs model of positive youth development in a multi-university sample of college students","volume":"48","author":"Dvorsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2021.456","article-title":"Decalogue for the factor analysis of test items","volume":"34","author":"Ferrando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.466","article-title":"An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data","volume":"9","author":"Flora","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12039","article-title":"Creation of short and very short measures of the five Cs of positive youth development","volume":"24","author":"Geldhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe13110170","article-title":"The 5Cs of positive youth development and risk behaviors in a sample of Spanish emerging adults: a partial mediation analysis of gender differences","volume":"13","author":"Gomez-Baya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Europ. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2015.1048817","article-title":"Purpose in life in emerging adulthood: development and validation of a new brief measure","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982856","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.982856","article-title":"The development of the 5Cs of positive youth development in a school year: a 3-wave longitudinal study of Slovenian youth during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Kozina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"The Good Teen: Rescuing Adolescence from the Myths of the Storm and Stress Years","author":"Lerner","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431604273211","article-title":"Positive youth development: a view of the issues","volume":"25","author":"Lerner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Early Adolesc."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.30.3.199361","article-title":"Exploratory item factor analysis: a practical guide revised and up-dated","volume":"30","author":"Lloret-Segura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13030280","article-title":"The importance of the 5Cs of positive youth development to depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study with university students from Peru and Spain","volume":"13","author":"Manrique-Millones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01863-x","article-title":"The 5Cs of positive youth development: their impact on symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and emotional distress in Chilean adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Mar\u00edn-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017152","article-title":"Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: an integrative, testable theory","volume":"13","author":"McKnight","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.50.9.741","article-title":"Validity of psychological assessment: validation of inferences from persons\u2019 responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning","volume":"50","author":"Messick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2013.24","article-title":"Directrices para la traducci\u00f3n y adaptaci\u00f3n de los tests: segunda edici\u00f3n","volume":"25","author":"Mu\u00f1iz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref29","author":"Mu\u00f1iz Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"113640","volume-title":"ISSID 2025 conference abstracts","author":"P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.14349\/rlp.2024.v56.24","article-title":"Positive identity and connection on purpose in life in Chilean youth","volume":"56","author":"P\u00e9rez-D\u00edaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Psicol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03116-x","article-title":"Positive youth predictors of purpose in life in Peruvian university students","volume":"13","author":"Rojas Zegarra","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23461","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the purpose in life-short Form in the Spanish population","volume":"79","author":"Rubio-Belmonte","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931404","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.931404","article-title":"Need satisfaction and depressive symptoms among university students in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic: moderating effects of positive youth development attributes","volume":"13","author":"Shek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771160","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1771160","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the purpose in life scale in Peruvian university students","volume":"17","author":"Vilca-Pareja","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-016-9506-0","article-title":"Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychometrika"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1909136\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:51:34Z","timestamp":1790743894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1909136\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1909136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1909136","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1909136"}}