{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:30:11Z","timestamp":1787725811218,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Loyola Generativity Scale (LGS) in a large sample of Chilean primary school teachers, addressing the need for validated measures of generativity in Latin American educational contexts. Using a cross-sectional design and a rigorous analytical framework that included item purification based on MSA criteria, polychoric correlations, robust unweighted least-squares estimation, and a Solomon split-sample approach, the findings provide strong evidence for the reliability and structural validity of a refined version of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a theoretically meaningful three-factor structure composed of Generative Inefficacy, Generative Action, and Generative Legacy. Generative Inefficacy reflected reduced perceptions of generative effectiveness and personal impact. Generative Action captured concrete prosocial behaviors and commitments associated with teaching, creativity, productivity, and community involvement, and Generative Legacy represented motivations related to symbolic continuity and contribution to future generations. The correlations among factors indicated related but distinct dimensions, supporting a multidimensional understanding of generativity in the teaching profession. Reliability indicators demonstrated strong internal consistency and high construct replicability. Descriptive findings showed consistently high levels of generativity across demographic groups, reinforcing theoretical perspectives that view teaching as a profession intrinsically oriented toward supporting future generations. These results are consistent with previous research linking generativity to professional identity, prosocial motivation, socioemotional functioning, and intergenerational contribution. The validated instrument provides a solid basis for future studies examining the role of generativity in teacher well-being, professional development, pedagogical engagement, school climate, and educational outcomes. Future research should evaluate measurement invariance across relevant groups, explore changes in generativity throughout teachers\u2019 careers, and incorporate this construct into broader explanatory models of teacher development and educational effectiveness. Overall, the study strengthens the assessment of generativity in Latin America and highlights its importance as a valuable psychological resource within the teaching profession.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1913448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:04:00Z","timestamp":1787724240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychometric validation of the Loyola Generativity Scale in Chilean teachers: evidence for a three factor structure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Sandoval-Obando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile","place":["Temuco, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Vega-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Medicina de Altura, Universidad Arturo Prat","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"V\u00e9liz-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Talca","place":["Talca, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Castellanos-Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Educaci\u00f3n, Escuela de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s","place":["Temuco, Chile"]},{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n General de Investigaci\u00f3n y Proyecci\u00f3n Social, Instituto Especializado de Profesionales de la Salud","place":["San Salvador, El Salvador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"Riquelme-Brevis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile","place":["Temuco, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dante","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","place":["Santiago, Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07370008.2018.1539735","article-title":"Beyond empirical adequacy: Learning progressions as models and their value for teachers.","volume":"37","author":"Alonzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Instruct."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.3390\/su12103950","article-title":"Relationship between emotional intelligence, generativity and self-efficacy in secondary school teachers.","volume":"12","author":"Aparisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","article-title":"The scree test for the number of factors.","volume":"1","author":"Cattell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.04.003","article-title":"Stability and change in generative concern: Evidence from a longitudinal survey.","volume":"51","author":"Einolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710992","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1710992","article-title":"Human-in-the-loop assessment with AI: Implications for teacher education in Ibero-American universities.","volume":"10","author":"Fajardo-Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9943-x","article-title":"Physical and cultural inheritance enhance agency, but what are the origins of this concern to establish a legacy? A nationally-representative twin study of erikson\u2019s concept of generativity.","volume":"49","author":"Fa\u00dfbender","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"235","article-title":"A note on improving EAP trait estimation in oblique factor-analytic and item response theory models","volume":"37","author":"Ferrando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.7334\/PSICOTHEMA2016.304","article-title":"Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions.","volume":"29","author":"Ferrando","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2021.456","article-title":"Decalogue for the factor analysis of test items.","volume":"34","author":"Ferrando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00226","article-title":"The environmental commons in urban communities: The potential of place-based education.","volume":"10","author":"Flanagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5209\/rced.61775","article-title":"La satisfacci\u00f3n de ser docente: un estudio de tipo correlacional.","volume":"31","author":"Franco-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Complutense Educ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-026-03143-1","article-title":"Generative AI and generativity in education: Implications of temporality and succession in human life.","author":"Fritzsche","year":"2026","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.631151","article-title":"Generativity and quality of life in rural educators: A scoping review of the evidence in comparison with work and altruistic contexts.","volume":"41","author":"G\u00f3mez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Psicol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164414548576","article-title":"Descriptive statistics for modern test score distributions: Skewness, kurtosis, discreteness, and ceiling effects.","volume":"75","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Measurement"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2025.2548527","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Current status and research directions.","author":"Hocaoglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern. J. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00478.x","article-title":"Concern for generativity and its relation to implicit pro-social power motivation, generative goals, and satisfaction with life: A cross-cultural investigation.","volume":"76","author":"Hofer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scaman.2025.101436","article-title":"Different ways of being generative. Exploring the motivational structure underlying generativity in life stories of entrepreneurial leaders.","volume":"41","author":"Ilea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Manag."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.6209\/JORIES.202603_71(1).0007","article-title":"Bruner\u2019s theory of children\u2019s narrative and its educational implications.","volume":"71","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Res. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-013-9168-4","article-title":"Becoming generative: Socializing influences recalled in life stories in late midlife.","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adult Dev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447903900402","article-title":"Factor analysis of the image correlation matrix.","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1979","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Measurement"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/14647893.2020.1764924","article-title":"Choreographing decolonization: Pedagogical confrontations at the intersection of traditional dance and liberal arts in higher education in India.","volume":"21","author":"Kaktikar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Dance Educ."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.12738\/estp.2016.1.0220","article-title":"The effect of sample size on parametric and nonparametric factor analytical methods.","volume":"16","author":"Kalkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Theory Pract."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1504\/ijtel.2023.131865","article-title":"Sample design challenges: An educational research paradigm.","volume":"15","author":"Kanaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. J. Technol. Enhanced Learn."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2002.91.3f.1205","article-title":"Role of education in generativity differences of employed and unemployed women in Korea.","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeo.2026.100343","article-title":"Making AI annoying on purpose: When helpful tools don\u2019t always help.","volume":"10","author":"Konradt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comp. Educ. Open"},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Outliving the Self: How we Live on in Future Generations.","author":"Kotre","year":"1984"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.03.093","article-title":"The role of intrinsic values for self-growth and community contribution at different life stages: Differentially predicting the vitality of university students and teachers over one year.","volume":"98","author":"Lekes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01750-y","article-title":"SOLOMON: A method for splitting a sample into equivalent subsamples in factor analysis.","volume":"54","author":"Lorenzo-Seva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Method"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9839","DOI":"10.5964\/meth.9839","article-title":"A simulation-based scaled test statistic for assessing model-data fit in least-squares unrestricted factor-analysis solutions.","volume":"19","author":"Lorenzo-Seva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.564527","article-title":"The hull method for selecting the number of common factors","volume":"46","author":"Lorenzo-Seva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.78.303","article-title":"Revised generative concern scale and generative behavior checklist (GCS-R, GBC-R): Scale reconstruction, reliability, and validity.","volume":"78","author":"Marushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jap. J. Psychol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.2.100","article-title":"The psychology of life stories.","volume":"5","author":"McAdams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. General Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.6.1003","article-title":"A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography.","volume":"62","author":"McAdams","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"An\u00e1lisis descriptivo de la base de datos de Cargos Docentes 2025. Apuntes 90.","year":"2025"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2022.2132863","article-title":"Pedagogical sensemaking during side-by-side coaching: Examining the in-the-moment discursive reasoning of a teacher and coach.","volume":"32","author":"Munson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1300\/J083v19n02_04","article-title":"Older workers in intergenerational child-care.","volume":"19","author":"Newman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Soc. Work"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21267","article-title":"Developing interpretive power in science teaching.","volume":"53","author":"Rosebery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res. Sci. Teach."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8386","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148386","article-title":"Understanding the relational dynamics of chilean rural teachers: Contributions from a narrative-generative perspective.","volume":"14","author":"Sandoval-Obando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/soc15110320","article-title":"Generativity and psychological well-being in primary and secondary teachers: A systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"Sandoval-Obando","year":"2025","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.54392\/ajir2629","article-title":"Generativity and teacher engagement in the digital society: A systematic review of psychosocial and institutional dimensions.","volume":"9","author":"Sandoval-Obando","year":"","journal-title":"Asian J. Interdiscip. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci16030422","article-title":"Teaching engagement and technostress among primary and secondary school teachers: A systematic review.","volume":"16","author":"Sandoval-Obando","year":"","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.23668\/psycharchives.12784","article-title":"Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures.","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh-Engel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Psychol. Res."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9752.12546","article-title":"Mori Akira\u2019s education for self-awareness: Lessons from the kyoto school for mindful education.","volume":"55","author":"Sevilla-Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Philos. Educ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2022.102292","article-title":"Adaptive stratified sampling for structural reliability analysis.","volume":"101","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct. Safety"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6018\/flamenco.631661","article-title":"Maestr\u00eda de arte y vida: sabidur\u00eda de la experiencia y procesos de transmisi\u00f3n en la vejez flamenca.","volume":"631661","author":"Soria","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Invest. Sobre Flamenco-La Madruga"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(89)90013-5","article-title":"Generativity and Erikson\u2019s \u201cbelief in the species\u201d.","volume":"23","author":"Van De Water","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.15700\/201412171320","article-title":"Starting with ourselves in deepening our understanding of generativity in participatory educational research.","volume":"33","author":"Van Laren","year":"2013","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Educ."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/02635143.2024.2306307","article-title":"Embodied, dramatizing performances in science class: Multimodal spaces and places of knowledge and identity construction.","volume":"42","author":"Varelas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2025.105318","article-title":"A mastery of messiness: Collaborative pedagogy and teacher-becoming in a music production class.","volume":"171","author":"Weatherly","year":"2026","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1913448\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1787724242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1913448\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1913448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1913448","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1913448"}}