{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:15:00Z","timestamp":1788243300947,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Parent\u2013child relationship quality is associated with adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, but conventional cross-lagged models do not separate stable between-person differences from within-person fluctuations. This three-wave study examined short-term reciprocal associations among parent\u2013child relationship quality, belief in a just world (BJW), and internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as indirect effects through BJW and differences by gender. Participants were 591 students from one middle school in Henan Province, China (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f13.30\u202fyears,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u202f0.94; 51.8% boys). Assessments were conducted at one-month intervals, and the entire assessment period spanned 2\u202fmonths. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models indicated that, at the within-person level, better-than-usual parent\u2013child relationship at T1 and T2 predicted stronger subsequent BJW (\u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>T1-T2<\/jats:sub>\n                    =\u202f0.08,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.05; \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>T2-T3<\/jats:sub>\n                    =\u202f0.11,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.05) and fewer subsequent internalizing and externalizing problems (\u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>T1-T2<\/jats:sub>\n                    =\u202f\u22120.20,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.001; \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>T2-T3<\/jats:sub>\n                    =\u202f\u22120.22,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt;\u202f0.001). BJW and internalizing and externalizing problems did not predict subsequent parent\u2013child relationship. BJW and internalizing and externalizing problems showed reciprocal negative associations, but neither indirect pathway through BJW was significant. The multi-group comparison indicated gender heterogeneity in the cross-lagged system, although the indirect effects did not differ by gender and only two individual paths differed significantly.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:34:02Z","timestamp":1788240842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Short-term longitudinal associations among parent\u2013child relationship quality, internalizing and externalizing problems, and belief in a just world: a three-wave RI-CLPM"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Linxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Continuing Education, Luoyang Vocational College of Culture and Tourism","place":["Luoyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Henan University","place":["Kaifeng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.05.012","article-title":"Internalizing\/externalizing problems: review and recommendations for clinical and research applications","volume":"55","author":"Achenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000201","article-title":"The relation between parents\u2019 involvement in children\u2019s schooling and children\u2019s adjustment: a meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Barger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.06.028","article-title":"The adaptive, approach-oriented correlates of belief in a just world for the self: a review of the research","volume":"151","author":"Bartholomaeus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050721","article-title":"The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates","volume":"165","author":"Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.4.354","article-title":"Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing","volume":"88","author":"Bem","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579423001505","article-title":"Joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from mid-childhood to late adolescence and childhood risk factors: findings from a prospective pre-birth cohort","volume":"37","author":"Bista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414533834","article-title":"Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Bor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-017-0745-9","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of parent group interventions for primary school children aged 4-12 years with externalizing and\/or internalizing problems","volume":"49","author":"Buchanan-Pascall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-021-02068-1","article-title":"Family socioeconomic status and adolescent depressive symptoms: a moderated mediation model","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x","article-title":"Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training","volume":"65","author":"Chao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030737","article-title":"Gender differences in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review","volume":"139","author":"Chaplin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471726746.ch11","volume-title":"Handbook of Adolescent Psychology","author":"Collins","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.13.4.248","article-title":"School bullying: belief in a personal just world of bullies, victims, and defenders","volume":"13","author":"Correia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022091609047","article-title":"The world is more just for me than generally: about the personal belief in a just world scale\u2019s validity","volume":"12","author":"Dalbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Justice Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3383-9","volume-title":"The Justice Motive as a Personal Resource: Dealing with Challenges and Critical life Events","author":"Dalbert","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21721","article-title":"Being a good or a just teacher: which experiences of teachers\u2019 behavior can be more predictive of school bullying?","volume":"44","author":"Donat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559520941919","article-title":"Child maltreatment, early adult substance use, and mediation by adolescent behavior problems","volume":"26","author":"Dubowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Maltreat."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04814-8","article-title":"The relationship between stressful childhood environments and depression for Chinese adolescents: a serial mediation model through perceived discrimination and belief in a just world","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0617-0","article-title":"The prospective links between hyperactive\/impulsive, inattentive, and oppositional-defiant behaviors in childhood and antisocial behavior in adolescence: the moderating influence of gender and the parent-child relationship quality","volume":"47","author":"Giannotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21991","article-title":"Social skills moderate the time-varying association between aggression and peer rejection among children with and without ADHD","volume":"47","author":"Glenn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111642","article-title":"How belief in a just world leads to prosocial behaviours: the role of communal orientation","volume":"195","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.128","article-title":"Experimental research on just-world theory: problems, developments, and future challenges","volume":"131","author":"Hafer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-019-00342-8","article-title":"A latent factor approach to belief in a just world and its association with well-being","volume":"33","author":"Hafer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Justice Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.03.015","article-title":"Resilience and emotional and behavioral problems of adolescents in China: effects of a short-term and intensive mindfulness and life skills training","volume":"100","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.16719\/j.cnki.1671-6981.20240109","article-title":"Parental psychological control and internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents: the role of rumination on sadness and anger","volume":"47","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Psychological Science"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27668","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03859-5","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between corporal punishment and adolescent externalizing problems: the roles of psychological distress and parent-child relationship","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0448-5","volume-title":"The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion","author":"Lerner","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.5.1030","article-title":"Just world research and the attribution process: looking back and ahead","volume":"85","author":"Lerner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034320908001","article-title":"Chinese adolescents\u2019 belief in a just world and academic resilience: the mediating role of perceived academic competence","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol. Int."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00542","article-title":"The parent-adolescent relationship and risk-taking behaviors among Chinese adolescents: the moderating role of self-control","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2020.02.13","article-title":"The effect of family socioeconomic status on adolescents\u2019 problem behaviors: the chain mediating role of parental emotional warmth and belief in a just world","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2024.112886","article-title":"Belief in a just world and well-being: a daily diary perspective","volume":"233","author":"Lutz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989x.7.1.83","article-title":"A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects","volume":"7","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X14537480","article-title":"Effective and ineffective parenting: associations with psychological adjustment in emerging adults","volume":"37","author":"McKinney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fam. Issues"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0019-1","article-title":"Parent-child relationships, parental psychological control, and aggression: maternal and paternal relationships","volume":"43","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem0904_8","article-title":"How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power","volume":"9","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.98","article-title":"A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys","volume":"132","author":"Rose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12566","article-title":"Effects of parental warmth and behavioral control on adolescent externalizing and internalizing trajectories across cultures","volume":"30","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/int0000030","article-title":"Cognitive attributions in depression: bridging the gap between research and clinical practice","volume":"26","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Integr."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579403000312","article-title":"Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: the limits of the possible","volume":"15","author":"Sameroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-013-9573-9","article-title":"Perceived psychological control and anxiety in early adolescents: the mediating role of attributional style","volume":"38","author":"Schleider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.05.078","article-title":"Associations of parent-adolescent relationship and self-esteem with emotional and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents","volume":"311","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.16719\/j.cnki.1671-6981.20180410","article-title":"The impact of belief in a just world on depression: the serial mediating roles of gratitude and self-esteem","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12912","article-title":"Development of beliefs in a just world among Chinese early adolescents and the predictive role of family factors: a three-wave longitudinal study","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.03.026","article-title":"Belief in a just world for oneself versus others, social goals, and subjective well-being","volume":"113","author":"Sutton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2025.05.10","article-title":"The influence of family function on adolescents\u2019 depression and social anxiety: the mediating role of belief in a just world","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2019.02.03","article-title":"A multilevel analysis of the developmental trajectory of belief in a just world in adolescence and its predictors","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2018.03.04","article-title":"The relationship between parent-child attachment and urban adaptation among migrant children: the mediating role of resilience","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.16128\/j.cnki.1005-3611.2013.06.036","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Achenbach youth self-report (2001 version)","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psych."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.16719\/j.cnki.1671-6981.2007.05.040","article-title":"A research on parent-adolescent conflict and cohesion","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193605","article-title":"Adolescent socioeconomic status and mental health inequalities in the Netherlands, 2001\u20132017","volume":"16","author":"Weinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01905-4","article-title":"The social gradient in adolescent mental health: mediated or moderated by belief in a just world?","volume":"32","author":"Weinberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14628","article-title":"Anxious to see you: neuroendocrine mechanisms of social vigilance and anxiety during adolescence","volume":"52","author":"Wright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.16187\/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2017.04.11","article-title":"Marital conflict, parent-child relationship and adolescents\u2019 depressionin Chinese only and non-only child family","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.12139\/j.1672-0628.2024.05.011","article-title":"The dynamic relationship between parental psychological control, campus exclusion and junior high school students\u2019 internalizing problem: a cross-lagged analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud. Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21723","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-05992-9","article-title":"Parental emotional neglect and depression among adolescents in China: a moderated mediation model","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.16719\/j.cnki.1671-6981.20240510","article-title":"Reciprocal relations between parent-child perceived psychological aggression and school-aged children\u2019s internalizing and externalizing problems: a within-person analysis","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-025-02259-9","article-title":"Bidirectional relations between belief in a just world and internalizing and externalizing problems among Chinese secondary vocational students","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2022.05.014","article-title":"Relationship between parent-child attachment and aggressive behavior of left-behind children: an application of latent profile analysis","volume":"30","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Health Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914539\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:34:12Z","timestamp":1788240852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914539\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"1914539"}}