{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:12:31Z","timestamp":1790143951670,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maladaptive sleep-hygiene behaviors are potentially modifiable daily practices, yet their relationship with the psychological state that sustains sport involvement remains unclear. This study examined cross-sectional associations among maladaptive sleep-hygiene behaviors (MSHB), multidimensional fatigue, difficulties in emotion regulation, and athlete engagement, including three model-based indirect associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was completed by 317 adult athletes recruited from provincial- and municipal-level teams in Sichuan Province, China. Participants represented table tennis, badminton, tennis, basketball, volleyball, and football. The Sleep Hygiene Index, the Chinese Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, the DERS-16, and the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire were administered. A reflective partial least squares structural equation model was estimated with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. Measurement quality, construct differentiation, common-method diagnostics, out-of-sample prediction, demographic adjustment, alternative cross-sectional specifications, and subgroup robustness were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      More frequent MSHB were associated with greater fatigue [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.491, 95% CI (0.408, 0.573)], greater difficulties in emotion regulation [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.178, 95% CI (0.079, 0.274)], and lower athlete engagement [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.264, 95% CI (\u22120.370, \u22120.161)]. Fatigue was associated with greater difficulties in emotion regulation [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.588, 95% CI (0.500, 0.673)] and lower engagement [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.325, 95% CI (\u22120.446, \u22120.205)]; difficulties in emotion regulation were also associated with lower engagement [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.232, 95% CI (\u22120.351, \u22120.108)]. The total indirect association was [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f\u22120.268, 95% CI (\u22120.338, \u22120.204)], and the model explained 47.2% of engagement variance. Demographic adjustment yielded comparable estimates. Reverse-order and parallel specifications fitted the cross-sectional covariance structure equally well.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the sampled setting, more frequent MSHB co-occurred with greater fatigue, more difficulties in emotion regulation, and lower athlete engagement. Fatigue accounted for the largest specific indirect association. The single-occasion self-report design leaves actual sleep disturbance, temporal sequence, and causal effects unresolved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:55:41Z","timestamp":1790142941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-sectional associations of maladaptive sleep-hygiene behaviors with athlete engagement among provincial- and municipal-level athletes in Sichuan, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aviation Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China","place":["Guanghan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aviation Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China","place":["Guanghan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities Education and Application, Sichuan Technology and Business University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huangyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aviation Physical Education, Civil Aviation Flight University of China","place":["Guanghan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2023-0317","article-title":"Sleep quality in Team USA Olympic and Paralympic athletes","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2025.142644","article-title":"How different training sessions affect the sleep of professional soccer players","volume":"42","author":"Barba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9514-x","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: the DERS-16","volume":"38","author":"Bjureberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2421-9310","article-title":"Chronotype, sleep hygiene, and sleep characteristics among athletes of different disciplines","volume":"46","author":"Borghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301","article-title":"Back-translation for cross-cultural research","volume":"1","author":"Brislin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6694547","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6694547","article-title":"Evidence that sleep is an indicator of overtraining during the competition phase of adolescent sprinters","volume":"2021","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.2014-0203","article-title":"Relationships between the coach-created motivational climate and athlete engagement in youth sport","volume":"37","author":"Curran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0310036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310036","article-title":"Professional football training and recovery: a longitudinal study on the effects of weekly conditioning session and workload variables","volume":"19","author":"Curzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2024.2407487","article-title":"Coping with intensive training demands: a longitudinal investigation of the relationships between appraisal, emotion, coping effectiveness and engagement among elite fencers","volume":"23","author":"Doron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02282-7","article-title":"Teamwork makes the dream work: who should be managing athletes on matters related to sleep?","volume":"55","author":"Driller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2022-0069","article-title":"The effectiveness of a sleep optimization program on insomnia, anxiety, perceived stress, and emotion dysregulation among football players with sleep complaints","volume":"19","author":"Emami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000929","article-title":"Translating fatigue to human performance","volume":"48","author":"Enoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","article-title":"Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise","volume":"45","author":"Fullagar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389565","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1389565","article-title":"Exploring the impact of sleep on emotional and physical well-being in professional cricketers: a cohort study over an in-season training period","volume":"6","author":"Grewal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Sports Active Living"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7","volume-title":"Partial least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A Workbook","author":"Hair","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","article-title":"When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM","volume":"31","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01119-4","article-title":"Sleep monitoring in athletes: motivation, methods, miscalculations and why it matters","volume":"49","author":"Halson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705650","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.705650","article-title":"The effect of sleep quality and quantity on athlete\u2019s health and perceived training quality","volume":"3","author":"Hamlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Sports Active Living"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-09-2014-0304","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares","volume":"33","author":"Henseler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Mark. Rev."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2165\/11586070-000000000-00000","article-title":"Interactive processes link the multiple symptoms of fatigue in sport competition","volume":"41","author":"Knicker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/ijec.2015100101","article-title":"Common method bias in PLS-SEM: a full collinearity assessment approach","volume":"11","author":"Kock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. e-Collab."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22036","article-title":"The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: factor structure in chronic pain patients","volume":"70","author":"K\u00f6k\u00f6nyei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544286","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1544286","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on sports performance and perceived exertion in athletes and non-athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2018.09.002","article-title":"Complexity of emotion regulation strategies in changing contexts: a study of varsity athletes","volume":"10","author":"Kucharski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Context. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2019-1008","article-title":"A combined sleep hygiene and mindfulness intervention to improve sleep and well-being during high-performance youth tennis tournaments","volume":"16","author":"Lever","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2304-3694","article-title":"Relationship between workload, psychological state and recovery in female soccer athletes","volume":"45","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"471","article-title":"Athlete engagement: II. Development and initial validation of the athlete engagement questionnaire","volume":"38","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-65742014000100001","article-title":"Examining the validity of the athlete engagement questionnaire (AEQ) in a Portuguese sport setting","volume":"20","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Motriz: Revista de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-006-9047-6","article-title":"Assessment of sleep hygiene using the sleep hygiene index","volume":"29","author":"Mastin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1000-6729.2008.09.008","article-title":"Initial revision of the Chinese version of multidimensional fatigue Inventory-20 in medical staff of military basic level","volume":"22","author":"Miao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0358-z","article-title":"Stress, sleep and recovery in elite soccer: a critical review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"N\u00e9d\u00e9lec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2025.2453834","article-title":"Sleep quality, behaviour, disorders prevalence and chronotype in elite junior and senior athletes","volume":"56","author":"Pullinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205102","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1205102","article-title":"Athletes\u2019 basic psychological needs and emotions: the role of cognitive reappraisal","volume":"14","author":"Robazza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.11.012","article-title":"Sleep, recovery, and performance: the new frontier in high-performance athletics","volume":"26","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004605","article-title":"Relationship between athlete-reported outcome measures and subsequent match performance in team sports: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Sansone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ausmj.2019.05.003","article-title":"How to specify, estimate, and validate higher-order constructs in PLS-SEM","volume":"27","author":"Sarstedt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas. Mark. J."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2024.102703","article-title":"Passion and engagement in sport: a look at athletes and coaches using a quadripartite approach","volume":"75","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7256","article-title":"Sleep hygiene index: psychometric characteristics and usefulness as a screening tool in a sample of Nigerian undergraduate students","volume":"14","author":"Seun-Fadipe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-02-2019-0189","article-title":"Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict","volume":"53","author":"Shmueli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mark."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-O","article-title":"The multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI): psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue","volume":"39","author":"Smets","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1683242025","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1683-24.2025","article-title":"Stress management in athletes: predictive effects of sleep deprivation-induced cognitive control changes on competition performance","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000005220","article-title":"Establishing comprehensive normative values of objective sleep quantity and quality in collegiate athletes","volume":"39","author":"Vatne","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.797847","article-title":"Editorial: the reciprocal relationship between sleep and stress in elite athletes","volume":"12","author":"Vitale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.03.006","article-title":"Deconstructing athletes\u2019 sleep: a systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Vlahoyiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"4","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102025","article-title":"Sleep and the athlete: narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations","volume":"55","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690254","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1690254","article-title":"The relationship between speed skating coach leadership behavior and athletes\u2019 engagement: the mediating role of athlete psychological fatigue","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914692\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:55:44Z","timestamp":1790142944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914692\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1914692","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1914692"}}