{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:07:51Z","timestamp":1788847671484,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bedtime procrastination refers to delaying bedtime despite the absence of external constraints and awareness of potential negative consequences. It is linked to impaired sleep, reduced well-being, and self-regulatory difficulties. Although the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS) is most widely used, no validated German version is available. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the German Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS-G).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 548 German-speaking adults completed the BPS-G and measures of procrastination, self-control, affect, personality, life satisfaction, and sleep-related outcomes. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the factor structure. Reliability was assessed using McDonald\u2019s omega and a six-week test\u2013retest design. Convergent, discriminant, criterion, incremental, and predictive validity were evaluated using correlational and regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Item analyses indicated satisfactory item characteristics and excellent discriminatory power. Exploratory factor analysis supported a one-factor solution explaining 59% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis largely supported the unidimensional structure (CFI\u202f=\u202f0.94, TLI\u202f=\u202f0.92, SRMR\u202f=\u202f0.04). Internal consistency was excellent (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.94), and test\u2013retest reliability was high (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.80). Bedtime procrastination was positively associated with general procrastination and negative affect and negatively associated with self-control, conscientiousness, and positive affect. Higher bedtime procrastination predicted lower life satisfaction, poorer sleep quality, and shorter sleep duration. Gender differences in bedtime procrastination were not statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the BPS-G. The BPS-G offers a useful tool for assessing bedtime procrastination in German-speaking populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:35:59Z","timestamp":1788845759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleepless in Germany: psychometric validation of a German version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Ewert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam","place":["Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam","place":["Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Tomczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Policlinic of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Rostock","place":["Rostock, Germany"]},{"name":"German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (DZKJ), Greifswald\/Rostock","place":["Rostock, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00330-6","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in primary insomnia","volume":"53","author":"Backhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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