{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:21Z","timestamp":1790139981166,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children\u2019s mathematics learning processes are significantly shaped by parental involvement in their home environments. In the context of children with autism, this process takes on a unique structure owing to individual characteristics and learning dynamics. However, the literature offers limited findings regarding how parents of children with autism structure mathematics instruction and the strategies they use. This study aimed to examine the perceptions of parents of children with autism regarding mathematics instruction and the teaching approaches and strategies they use at home to teach mathematics. In addition, it addresses how autism-specific characteristics affect the mathematics teaching process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used a qualitative research approach to examine mothers\u2019 experiences and perceptions of the processes of learning and teaching mathematics at home for children with autism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that parents mostly teach mathematics in the context of daily life, using natural and interaction-based approaches. Game-based practices, asking questions, and using concrete materials were the strategies most frequently employed by the participants. Moreover, mothers perceived certain autism-related characteristics as influencing the mathematics teaching process at home.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It was determined that parents require professional support during the mathematics teaching process. Additionally, mothers perceive school as a more effective learning environment than home for teaching mathematics, value school-family cooperation, and believe that peer interaction plays a supportive role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:47:52Z","timestamp":1790138872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Why is teaching math to my child difficult? Experiences from mothers of children with autism spectrum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ay\u015feg\u00fcl","family":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131 Co\u015fgun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preschool Education, Faculty of Education, Aksaray University","place":["Aksaray, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feyza","family":"Ucar Cabuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preschool Education, Faculty of Education, Mersin University","place":["Mersin, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adile Emel","family":"Sardohan Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Akdeniz University","place":["Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Examination of home-based number and operation training program on early mathematics ability and mother-child relationship","volume":"14","author":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131-Co\u015fgun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Electron. J. Elem. Educ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.21565\/ozelegitimdergisi.523342","article-title":"The effectiveness of a father training program in teaching basic mathematics skills to a child with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"21","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ankara Univ. Fac. Educ. Sci. Spec. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/215416471505000205","article-title":"Review of evidence-based mathematics interventions for students with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"50","author":"Barnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Train. Autism Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2021.105302","article-title":"Parents\u2019 math anxiety and mathematics performance of prekindergarten children","volume":"214","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5944\/educxx1.36509","article-title":"El efecto de las funciones ejecutivas sobre la competencia matem\u00e1tica temprana: Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales","volume":"27","author":"Bernal-Ruiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. XX1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1053451209349530","article-title":"Virtual manipulatives: what are they and how teachers can use them?","volume":"45","author":"Bouck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interv. School Clin."},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"89","volume-title":"The Crisis in Youth mental Health: Critical Issues and Effective Programs, Vol. 4. Early Intervention Programs and Policies","author":"Bradley","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"The use of thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences","author":"Braun","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The Ecology of human Development: Experiments by Nature and design","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04500-9","article-title":"A developmental study of mathematics in children with autism Spectrum disorder, symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or typical development","volume":"50","author":"Bullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2023.2255768","article-title":"Parents' attitudes toward mathematics and home numeracy experiences questionnaire: evidence for factor structure, reliability, construct validity and measurement invariance in a sample of preschoolers with mild intellectual disabilities","volume":"71","author":"Charitaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Develop. Disabilities"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361307083259","article-title":"Mathematical ability of students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: a review of literature","volume":"11","author":"Chiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357608318950","article-title":"Comparing number lines and touch points to teach addition facts to students with autism","volume":"23","author":"Cihak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2008.02.006","article-title":"Teaching students with autism spectrum disorder and moderate intellectual disabilities to use counting-on strategies to enhance independent purchasing skills","volume":"2","author":"Cihak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2004.37-503","article-title":"Comparison of two procedures for teaching dictated-word\/symbol relations to learners with autism","volume":"37","author":"Clark","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1348\/026151003322277720","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the presence, efficacy and stability of maternal scaffolding during informal problem-solving interactions","volume":"21","author":"Conner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000323","article-title":"The home numeracy environment and children\u2019s math achievement: a meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Daucourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.2007.40-345","article-title":"Improving written language performance of adolescents with Asperger syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Delano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Behav. Anal."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"422","article-title":"Using the one-more-than technique to teach money counting to individuals with moderate mental retardation: a systematic replication","volume":"18","author":"Denny","year":"1995","journal-title":"Educ. Treat. Child."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2023.10.003","article-title":"Parental early math support: the role of parental knowledge about early math development","volume":"66","author":"Douglas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Child Res. Q."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2020.103778","article-title":"Arithmetic in developmental cognitive disabilities","volume":"107","author":"Dowker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.6.1428","article-title":"School readiness and later achievement","volume":"43","author":"Duncan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1127-3","article-title":"Discrepancies between academic achievement and intellectual ability in higher-functioning school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"41","author":"Estes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.11.006","article-title":"The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism","volume":"13","author":"Geurts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684418","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.684418","article-title":"Extracurricular physical activities and the condition of being an only child as a conditioning factor in the psychomotor development of 5-year-old children","volume":"9","author":"Gil-Madrona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.17275\/per.22.79.9.4","article-title":"Understanding home math environments and math talks of children with low and middle socioeconomic status","volume":"9","author":"G\u00fcrgah O\u011ful","year":"2022","journal-title":"Particip. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168227","article-title":"Understanding the home math environment and its role in predicting parent report of children\u2019s math skills","volume":"11","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2022.2120327","article-title":"Number sense development during the preschool years: relations within and between key skill indicators","volume":"34","author":"Hojnoski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2023.2221766","article-title":"The relationship between early childhood teachers\u2019 professional development in physical education and children\u2019s fundamental movement skills","volume":"35","author":"Honrubia Montesinos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5964\/jnc.6143","article-title":"Next directions in measurement of the home mathematics environment: an international and interdisciplinary perspective","volume":"7","author":"Hornburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Numerical Cognition"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357610397534","article-title":"Experiences of parents who homeschool their children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Hurlbutt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Focus Autism Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2007.00229.x","article-title":"Predicting first-grade math achievement from developmental number sense trajectories","volume":"22","author":"Jordan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Teachers' Perceptions of the home-school Collaboration: Enhancing learning for children with autism","author":"Josilowski","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.12738\/estp.2017.6.0660","article-title":"Effects of a schema approach for the achievement of the verbal mathematics problem-solving skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"17","author":"Kasap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Adding it up: Helping children learn Mathematics","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0014402915625066","article-title":"Math interventions for students with autism spectrum disorder: a best-evidence synthesis","volume":"82","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Except. Child."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2022.2106534","article-title":"Cognitive factors and educational placement affecting mathematical attainment in middle school students with mild intellectual disability","volume":"70","author":"Kivir\u00e4hk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.21565\/ozelegitimdergisi.554714","article-title":"Remote family education practices in teaching communication skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"22","author":"Kizir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ankara Univ. Fac. Educ. Sci. Spec. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/1350293X.2013.814356","article-title":"Quality of the home learning environment during preschool age \u2013 domains and contextual conditions","volume":"21","author":"Kluczniok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Early Child. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/109830070200400204","article-title":"Parent education for families of children with autism living in geographically distant areas","volume":"4","author":"Koegel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Posit. Behav. Interv."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014532","article-title":"Home numeracy experiences and children\u2019s math performance in the early school years","volume":"41","author":"LeFevre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8","volume-title":"Naturalistic Inquiry","author":"Lincoln","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dialog.2025.100238","article-title":"Home-learning environment and cognitive and academic outcomes among children aged 4\u20138 years: a cross-sectional study from South India","volume":"7","author":"Lobo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dialogsgues in Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020","volume":"72","author":"Maenner","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2013.05.004","article-title":"Examining the effects of home literacy and numeracy environment on early reading and math acquisition","volume":"28","author":"Manolitsis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Child Res. Q."},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"58","article-title":"The effects of using manipulatives in teaching math problem solving to students with learning disabilities","volume":"11","author":"Marsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3029-0","article-title":"A comprehensive examination of reading heterogeneity in students with high functioning autism: distinct reading profiles and their relation to autism symptom severity","volume":"47","author":"McIntyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158808","article-title":"Preschool influences on mathematics achievement","volume":"321","author":"Melhuish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12143","article-title":"Parent-child learning interactions: a review of the literature on scaffolding","volume":"87","author":"Mermelshtine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Qualitative data analysis","author":"Miles","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/ssm.12225","article-title":"Parents\u2019 attitudes toward mathematics and the influence on their students\u2019 attitudes toward mathematics: a quantitative study","volume":"117","author":"Mohr-Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sch. Sci. Math."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.26687\/archnet-ijar.v8i1.314","article-title":"Architecture for autism: autism ASPECTSS\u2122 in school design","volume":"8","author":"Mostafa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Architect. Res."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02074","article-title":"Probing the relationship between home numeracy and children's mathematical skills: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Mutaf-Y\u0131ld\u0131z","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Early Childhood Mathematics: Promoting good Beginnings","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Principles and Standards","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543231156182","article-title":"A meta-analysis and quality review of mathematics interventions conducted in informal learning environments with caregivers and children","volume":"94","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/09669760.2016.1155147","article-title":"Parents supporting learning: a non-intensive intervention supporting literacy and numeracy in the home learning environment","volume":"24","author":"Niklas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Early Years Educ."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000973","article-title":"Supporting parents to support children: a U.K. randomized controlled trial testing a text message intervention to cultivate the home learning environment","volume":"118","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2025.2474668","article-title":"Understanding the role of parental self-efficacy for supporting children\u2019s early learning in the home mathematics environment","volume":"195","author":"Outhwaite","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Child Dev. Care"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2005.08.004","article-title":"American and Chinese parental involvement in young children\u2019s mathematics learning","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/183693910503000306","article-title":"What did you do in maths today?","volume":"30","author":"Perry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Australas. J. Early Child."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1539449216665116","article-title":"The sensory environment and participation of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"36","author":"Piller","year":"2016","journal-title":"OTJR. Occup. Ther. J. Res."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2012.05.004","article-title":"Collateral effects of mand training for children with autism","volume":"6","author":"Plavnick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Autism Spectr. Disord."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e318227bd3f","article-title":"Supporting parents to facilitate communication and joint attention in their young children with autism spectrum disorders: two pilot studies","volume":"31","author":"Prelock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Lang. Disord."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01925","article-title":"Examining the factor structure of the home mathematics environment to delineate its role in predicting preschool numeracy, mathematical language, and spatial skills","volume":"11","author":"Purpura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10649-021-10078-5","article-title":"Social class inequalities in attitudes towards mathematics and achievement in mathematics cross generations: a quantitative Bourdieusian analysis","volume":"109","author":"Quaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Stud. Math."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01131.x","article-title":"Promoting broad and stable improvements in low-income children\u2019s numerical knowledge through playing number board games","volume":"79","author":"Ramani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0938-6","article-title":"Teaching children with autism to read for meaning: challenges and possibilities","volume":"40","author":"Randi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512518804359","article-title":"Development of the checklist of psychomotor activities for 5- to 6-year-old children","volume":"125","author":"Romero Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2017.1409096","article-title":"Long-term relations between children\u2019s language, the home literacy environment, and socioemotional development from ages 3 to 8","volume":"29","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.17411\/jacces.v13i1.345","article-title":"Parents' perceptions of the impact of the home environment on youth living with an autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Ruiz-Rodrigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Accessibility Design All"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"363","article-title":"Autism and the built environment","volume-title":"Autism spectrum disorders: From genes to environments","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2014.suppl.S65","article-title":"Outcomes of play-based home support for children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"42","author":"Sari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Pers."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-022-09673-8","article-title":"A systematic review of mathematics interventions for primary school students with intellectual disabilities","volume":"34","author":"Schnepel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00061-3","article-title":"Environmental influences on mathematics performance in early childhood","volume":"1","author":"Silver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2024.07.007","article-title":"Parent predictors of the home math environment and associations with toddlers\u2019 math skills","volume":"69","author":"Silver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Child Res. Q."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.11.006","article-title":"Formal and informal home learning activities in relation to children\u2019s early numeracy and literacy skills: the development of a home numeracy model","volume":"121","author":"Skwarchuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10763-015-9687-5","article-title":"The role of parental math anxiety and math attitude in their children\u2019s math achievement","volume":"15","author":"Soni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Math. Educ."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70009","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2543","article-title":"Parental math beliefs and home math experiences of preschoolers in Chile: a qualitative study","volume":"34","author":"Susperreguy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2017.1345634","article-title":"Early home learning environment predicts children\u2019s 5th grade academic skills","volume":"23","author":"Tamis-LeMonda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"157","article-title":"Difficulties encountered in teaching mathematics to autistic children","volume":"2","author":"Tok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Instruct."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 102080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2025.102080","article-title":"Role of home math environment in the intergenerational transmission of math skills","volume":"97","author":"Torppa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-07186-z","article-title":"What do we know about the home literacy and numeracy environments of autistic preschoolers? A systematic review","author":"Urban","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001859","article-title":"What i say is not what i do: gender differences in the home mathematics environment","volume":"61","author":"Varnell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes","author":"Vygotsky","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/215416470904400305","article-title":"Evidence-based social skills interventions for children with autism: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educ. Train. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737631","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.737631","article-title":"Investigating cognitive flexibility in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Zacharov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2018.07.009","article-title":"The home math environment: more than numeracy","volume":"50","author":"Zippert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Child. Res. Q."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918249\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:48:08Z","timestamp":1790138888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918249\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918249","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1918249"}}