{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:01:29Z","timestamp":1790146889517,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Executive functions support students\u2019 ability to regulate cognition, behavior, and emotion in response to academic demands, thereby providing a regulatory foundation for learning. However, little is known about how self-reported everyday executive-functioning difficulties are conditionally related, particularly in Central American educational settings. This study mapped the network structure of self-reported everyday executive-functioning difficulties in secondary-school and university student samples from Honduras.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2,330 students, including 810 secondary-school students and 1,520 university students. Executive functioning was assessed using the Executive Functioning Questionnaire (EFECO), an ecological self-report measure. Gaussian graphical models were estimated to examine the global network, node centrality, predictability, accuracy, and stability. A secondary exploratory comparison was also conducted between the two independently recruited samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The global network was dense, retaining 23 of 28 possible edges and showing high transitivity. The strongest associations were observed between inhibition and emotional control, planning and working memory, and initiative and working memory. Planning, working memory, and initiative had the highest centrality estimates in the global network. These nodes also showed high predictability (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.62\u20130.68). Centrality stability was high for both strength and expected influence. The exploratory comparison between the secondary-school and university student samples did not detect statistically significant differences in overall network structure or global strength, although localized sample-specific contrasts were observed in selected edges and centrality indices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings extend executive-function network research beyond performance-based tasks by characterizing conditional associations among EFECO scores in an underrepresented Central American context. Centrality estimates reflect relative connectivity rather than causal importance, and the nonsignificant global comparison does not establish network equivalence. Given the cross-sectional design, a single self-report instrument, and independently recruited nonprobability samples, longitudinal, multimethod, and multisite studies are needed to establish the stability, generalizability, and educational relevance of these network patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:17:44Z","timestamp":1790144264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the network structure of self-reported everyday executive-functioning difficulties in secondary-school and university student samples from Honduras"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Marcio Alexander","family":"Castillo-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychometrics and Educational Evaluation and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras","place":["Tegucigalpa, Honduras"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce Stephania Campos","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedagogy, Campus Cort\u00e9s, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras","place":["San Pedro Sula, Honduras"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivette Carolina Rivera","family":"Zelaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Psychology and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Honduras","place":["Tegucigalpa, Honduras"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto Henao","family":"Peria\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle","place":["Cali, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01131","article-title":"Self-report measures of executive functioning are a determinant of academic performance in first-year students at a university of applied sciences","volume":"6","author":"Baars","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12100","article-title":"Conceptualization and operationalization of executive function","volume":"10","author":"Baggetta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3390\/children8090799","article-title":"A short version of the EFECO online questionnaire for the assessment of executive functions in school-age children","volume":"8","author":"Barrios-Fernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-014-9129-8","article-title":"Integrating the regulation of affect, behavior, and cognition into self-regulated learning paradigms among secondary and post-secondary students","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Eliyahu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metacogn. Learn."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2019.1706520","article-title":"Prevalence of low scores on executive functions tests in a Spanish-speaking pediatric population from 10 Latin American countries and Spain","volume":"45","author":"Benito-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00055-w","article-title":"Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science","volume":"1","author":"Borsboom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000471","article-title":"Reporting standards for psychological network analyses in cross-sectional data","volume":"28","author":"Burger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.08.010","article-title":"Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225140","article-title":"Paper-and-pencil versus computerized administration mode: comparison of data quality and risk behavior prevalence estimates in the European school survey project on alcohol and other drugs (ESPAD)","volume":"14","author":"Colasante","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.07.006","article-title":"Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data","volume":"66","author":"Curran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09932-8","article-title":"The relationship between self-regulated learning and executive functions\u2014a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"D\u00f6rrenb\u00e4cher-Ulrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-05551-8","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between self-regulated learning, metacognition, and executive functions by focusing on academic transition phases: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"D\u00f6rrenb\u00e4cher-Ulrich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref16","author":"Epskamp","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000167","article-title":"A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks","volume":"23","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12123","article-title":"The mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between executive function and self-regulated learning","volume":"86","author":"Follmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brit. J. Edu. Psychol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102","article-title":"Graph drawing by force-directed placement","volume":"21","author":"Fruchterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12505","article-title":"Importance of cultural context in the study of children\u2019s executive functions: advances in Latin America research","volume":"18","author":"Gago-Galvagno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"141","article-title":"Desarrollo y validaci\u00f3n de un cuestionario de observaci\u00f3n para la evaluaci\u00f3n de las funciones ejecutivas en la infancia","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Intercont. Psicol. Educ."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00798","article-title":"Modeling psychological attributes in psychology \u2013 an epistemological discussion: network analysis vs. latent variables","volume":"8","author":"Guyon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1640103","article-title":"Problems with centrality measures in psychopathology symptom networks: why network psychometrics cannot escape psychometric theory","volume":"56","author":"Hallquist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0910-x","article-title":"How well do network models predict observations? On the importance of predictability in network models","volume":"50","author":"Haslbeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"121","article-title":"Motivation and use of learning strategies in students, men and women, with different level of schooling","volume":"26","author":"Hederich-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2018.1521283","article-title":"Network analysis: a brief overview and tutorial","volume":"6","author":"Hevey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.01.006","article-title":"Executive functions and self-regulation","volume":"16","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12363","article-title":"Measures of executive function may not be indicators of latent constructs","volume":"18","author":"Holm\u00e9n","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2010.509715","article-title":"Age-related changes in executive function: a normative study with the Dutch version of the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF)","volume":"17","author":"Huizinga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2013.748389","article-title":"Contribution of rating scales to the assessment of executive functions","volume":"2","author":"Isquith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Child"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/mbycn","article-title":"Which estimation method to choose in network psychometrics? Deriving guidelines for applied researchers","volume":"28","author":"Isvoranu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003111238","volume-title":"Network Psychometrics with R: A Guide for Behavioral and Social Scientists","author":"Isvoranu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000160","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions: a systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies","volume":"144","author":"Karr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001313","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions: a network approach to life span development","volume":"58","author":"Karr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01518-9","article-title":"A network analysis of executive functions in children and adolescents with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"55","author":"Karr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70034","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.70034","article-title":"Executive function beyond minority world contexts: a call for culturally relevant assessments in historically overlooked populations in majority world countries","volume":"20","author":"Laurence","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mind Brain Educ."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229518","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1229518","article-title":"The combined value of executive functions and self-regulated learning to predict differences in study success among higher education students","volume":"14","author":"Manuhuwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.12973\/eu-jer.13.4.1647","article-title":"Combining performance-based and self-reported measures of executive functions: are both meaningful in predicting study success in higher education students","volume":"13","author":"Manuhuwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ed. Res."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13020142","article-title":"Risk decision making and executive function among adolescents and young adults","volume":"13","author":"Marquez-Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.56712\/latam.v7i3.5911","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n y adaptaci\u00f3n de la escala de funciones ejecutivas desde una perspectiva ecol\u00f3gica en poblaci\u00f3n hondure\u00f1a: Validation and adaptation of the executive functions scale from an ecological perspective in the honduran population","volume":"7","author":"Menjivar Alas","year":"2026","journal-title":"LATAM"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.355","article-title":"Latent network analysis of executive functions across development","volume":"7","author":"Menu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cogn."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17695-x","article-title":"A network analysis of executive functions before and after computerized cognitive training in children and adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Menu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The Unity and Diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cfrontal lobe\u201d tasks: a latent variable analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0362-x","article-title":"Equivalence of electronic and paper administration of patient-reported outcome measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted between 2007 and 2013","volume":"13","author":"Muehlhausen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-020-09228-6","article-title":"Metacognitive awareness as measured by second-order judgements among university and secondary school students","volume":"16","author":"Nederhand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metacogn. Learn."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00311","article-title":"Assessing executive function in adolescence: a scoping review of existing measures and their psychometric robustness","volume":"10","author":"Nyongesa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00422","article-title":"A review of self-regulated learning: six models and four directions for research","volume":"8","author":"Panadero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8578.70085","article-title":"Conceptualising and effectuating self-regulation, self-regulated learning and executive function in education contexts for children and adolescents: a scoping review","volume":"53","author":"Philpott-Robinson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Spec. Edu."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713652","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1713652","article-title":"Executive functions in research and practice: a multimethod review of behavioral, subjective, and neurobiological assessment tools","volume":"17","author":"Pitta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02311","article-title":"Hot and cool executive functions in adolescence: development and contributions to important developmental outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Poon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref52","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: the state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref54","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21865\/RIDEP50.1.07","article-title":"La Escala EFECO para Valorar Funciones Ejecutivas en Formato de Auto-Reporte","volume":"50","author":"Ramos-Galarza","year":"2019","journal-title":"REV IBEROAM DIAGN EV"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216970212006","article-title":"Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures","volume":"21","author":"Raykov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2017.04.001","article-title":"Executive function and metacognition: towards a unifying framework of cognitive self-regulation","volume":"45","author":"Roebers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3462","article-title":"Links between achievement, executive functions, and self-regulated learning","volume":"32","author":"Rutherford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235846","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1235846","article-title":"Invariant and suboptimal trajectories of self-regulated learning during secondary school: implications focused on quality in higher education","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e1ez-Delgado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2014.979913","article-title":"Executive functioning predicts academic achievement in middle school: a four-year longitudinal study","volume":"109","author":"Samuels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.882658","article-title":"Evaluating model fit with ordered categorical data within a measurement invariance framework: a comparison of estimators","volume":"21","author":"Sass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000681","article-title":"Executive functioning rating scales: ecologically valid or construct invalid?","volume":"34","author":"Soto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991699","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.991699","article-title":"Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Souissi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42540-8","article-title":"A canonical trajectory of executive function maturation from adolescence to adulthood","volume":"14","author":"Tervo-Clemmens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2021.101976","article-title":"Self-regulated learning training programs enhance university students\u2019 academic performance, self-regulated learning strategies, and motivation: a meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Theobald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12307","article-title":"Developmental changes in executive functions during adolescence: a study of inhibition, shifting, and working memory","volume":"38","author":"Theodoraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12001","article-title":"Practitioner review: do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct?","volume":"54","author":"Toplak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000476","article-title":"Comparing network structures on three aspects: a permutation test","volume":"28","author":"Van Borkulo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2008.00860.x","article-title":"Comparison of web-based versus paper-and-pencil self-administered questionnaire: effects on health indicators in Dutch adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Van De Looij-Jansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence5020016","article-title":"Network models for cognitive development and intelligence","volume":"5","author":"Van Der Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intelligence"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1017\/S1062798720000939","article-title":"Bridging secondary and higher education. The importance of self-regulated learning","volume":"28","author":"Vosniadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.038","article-title":"Mean scores for self-report surveys completed using paper-and-pencil and computers: a meta-analytic test of equivalence","volume":"86","author":"Weigold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-016-9506-0","article-title":"Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2023.100510","article-title":"Synthesizing research evidence on self-regulated learning and academic achievement in online and blended learning environments: a scoping review","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195013","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1195013","article-title":"Better together: novel methods for measuring and modeling development of executive function diversity while accounting for unity","volume":"17","author":"Younger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918948\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:17:46Z","timestamp":1790144266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918948\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1918948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"article-number":"1918948"}}