{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:57:07Z","timestamp":1790575027192,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lucid dreaming (LD) involves awareness of being in a dream during REM sleep and depends on the reactivation of metacognitive and reality-monitoring processes. This study tested whether a virtual reality (VR) intervention designed to rehearse lucid-dream-relevant metacognitive routines increases LD rates beyond baseline training, and whether generic VR exposure produces similar effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-eight participants with low previous LD experience completed a 5-week program of daily dream diaries and reality checks, assigned to: VR-experimental (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13), standard training plus eight LucidDreamingVR sessions preceded by brief open monitoring (OM) meditation; VR-control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12), standard training plus eight LD-unrelated VR sessions; or Control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13), standard training only. Dreams were classified as ordinary, semi-lucid, or lucid; semi-lucid and lucid dreams were treated as lucid-like.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VR-experimental participants reported the highest number of lucid like dreams (26), followed by Control (11) and VR-control (4). A Poisson model with total recalled dreams as offset showed that lucid-like dream rates were significantly higher in VR-experimental than in VR-control, RR = 8.60, 95% CI [3.00, 24.64], p_Holm &amp;lt;0.001, and Control, RR = 4.00, 95% CI [1.97, 8.09], p_Holm &amp;lt;0.001. Responder rates showed a convergent pattern, with at least one lucid-like dream reported by 84.6% of VR-experimental participants, 61.5% of Control participants, and 33.3% of VR-control participants, showing that VR exposure alone was insufficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion\/conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dream-oriented VR training preceded by OM meditation may facilitate LD by scaffolding metacognitive monitoring from wakefulness to REM sleep.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1924370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:44:03Z","timestamp":1790574243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual reality as a metacognitive training tool for lucid dreaming"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consciousness, Creativity and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento","place":["Rovereto, Italy"]},{"name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","place":["Trento, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tormen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Buddhist Union Research Center","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Dal Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consciousness, Creativity and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento","place":["Rovereto, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"De Pisapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consciousness, Creativity and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento","place":["Rovereto, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2023.100484","article-title":"Virtual reality in simulation-based emergency skills training: a systematic review with a narrative synthesis","volume":"16","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resusc. 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