{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:00:00Z","timestamp":1790316000573,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid expansion of digital learning environments has transformed English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education and increased the importance of understanding the psychological and contextual factors associated with EFL learners' motivation. This study examined the relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Academic Well-Being (AWB), English Learning Motivation (ELM), and Perceived Digital Learning Support (PDLS) in digitally supported English as a Foreign Language environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed using 435 valid responses, and the proposed relationships were evaluated through partial least squares structural equation modelling using WarpPLS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. EI was positively associated with AWB (\u03b2 = 0.354,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and ELM (\u03b2 = 0.331,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). AWB was also positively associated with ELM (\u03b2 = 0.229,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The Stable3 output indicated a positive indirect association between EI and ELM through AWB (\u03b2 = 0.081,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008). It also indicated a positive interaction between PDLS and AWB in relation to ELM (\u03b2 = 0.180,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). The model explained 12.5% of the variance in AWB and 24.3% of the variance in ELM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that EI, AWB, and PDLS are positively associated with ELM. However, because the analysis used 100 Stable3 resamples and did not generate conventional bootstrapped confidence intervals, the indirect and interaction results are provisional associations that require confirmation through conventional bootstrapping. Given the cross-sectional design, the findings represent statistical associations rather than causal relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1926040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:33:24Z","timestamp":1790314404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explaining English learning motivation in digital EFL environments through emotional intelligence, academic well-being, and perceived digital learning support"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Education, Henan Vocational University of Science and Technology","place":["Zhoukou, Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Huanghe Science and Technology University","place":["Zhengzhou, Henan, China"]},{"name":"School of Languages, Literacies and Translation, Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["George Town, Penang, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisham Noori Hussain","family":"Al-Hashimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Penang, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859906","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2026.1978594","article-title":"From digital learning readiness to student satisfaction: the mediating role of learning wellbeing in Saudi higher education","volume":"9","author":"Abubakar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-18427-6_2","article-title":"\u201cQualitative sampling techniques,\u201d","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Qualitative Research","author":"Alaba","year":"2026"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10879-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of digital education shifting model on high school students' engagement","volume":"27","author":"Aldhafeeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064782","article-title":"The need of integrating digital education in higher education: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Alenezi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-05-2024-0624","article-title":"Older adults' digital competency, digital risk perceptions and frequency of everyday digital engagement","volume":"38","author":"Aleti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inform. Technol. People"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2026.2612706","article-title":"Sample size practices and guidelines in services marketing survey research","volume":"46","author":"Ali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Serv. Indus. J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.47577\/teh.v8i.9719","article-title":"The value of emotional intelligence: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, and empathy as key components","volume":"8","author":"Antonopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Techn. Educ. Humanit."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041946","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1041946","article-title":"Examining culturally diverse learners' motivation and engagement processes as situated in the context of a complex task","volume":"8","author":"Anyichie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41155-022-00216-0","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and academic motivation in primary school students","volume":"35","author":"Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psicol. Reflex. Cr\u00edt."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772322","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.772322","article-title":"Pedagogical applications, prospects, and challenges of blended learning in Chinese higher education: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Ashraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14091806","article-title":"Assessing the measurement invariance of the Human\u2013Computer Trust Scale","volume":"14","author":"Beltr\u00e3o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12332","article-title":"Examining the Ability, Motivation and Opportunity (AMO) framework in HRM research: conceptualization, measurement and interactions","volume":"25","author":"Bos-Nehles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci15070882","article-title":"The role of university professors' emotional competencies in students' academic and psychological wellbeing: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Brandao De Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11125-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of blended learning to develop learner autonomy in a Chinese university translation course","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/00313831.2022.2042734","article-title":"Learning-environment uncertainty and students' approaches to learning: a self-determination theory perspective","volume":"67","author":"Englund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104428","article-title":"Teacher support and its impact on ESL student engagement in blended learning: The mediating effects of L2 grit and intended effort","volume":"248","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-02631-1","article-title":"Resilience and online learning emotional engagement among college students in the digital age: a perspective based on self-regulated learning theory","volume":"13","author":"Ge","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2023.2214345","article-title":"Unravelling the relationship between student engagement and learning outcomes in emergency online learning: a synthesis of quantitative and qualitative results","volume":"48","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1108\/EMJB-08-2023-0210","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy and psychological empowerment in explaining the relationship between emotional intelligence and work engagement","volume":"20","author":"Hameli","year":"2025","journal-title":"EuroMed. J. Bus."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8019","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02086-8","article-title":"Relations among resilience, emotion regulation strategies and academic self-concept among Chinese migrant children","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848325","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.848325","article-title":"The role of learners' psychological wellbeing and academic engagement on their grit","volume":"13","author":"Huo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052894","article-title":"Facilitating sustainable self-directed learning experience with the use of mobile-assisted language learning","volume":"14","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892603","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.892603","article-title":"The role of academic buoyancy and social support on English as a foreign language learners' motivation in higher education","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.4123","article-title":"The mediating role of student engagement in the relationship between teacher and digital support and learner satisfaction in blended learning environments at higher education","volume":"51","author":"Kok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. Educ. Res. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s42761-022-00167-w","article-title":"Interventions to modify psychological wellbeing: Progress, promises, and an agenda for future research","volume":"4","author":"Kubzansky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Affect. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-13083-2","article-title":"Evaluating self-directed learning competencies in digital learning environments: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijal.70177","article-title":"A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship Between Achievement Emotions and Engagement Among Chinese EFL Students in a SPOC-Based Blended Learning Context","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ling."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2024.2389923","article-title":"Integrating large language models into EFL writing instruction: effects on performance, self-regulated learning strategies, and motivation","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Assist. Lang. Learn"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12075","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: The association between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being in adolescents","volume":"94","author":"Llamas-D\u00edaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13120-7","author":"Macklem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Boredom in the Classroom: Addressing student Motivation, Self-Regulation, and Engagement in Learning"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/09571736.2020.1869809","article-title":"Second language motivation research 2010\u20132019: A synthetic exploration","volume":"50","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lang. Learn. J."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23675","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-06138-7","article-title":"Resilience and psychological distress in the transition to university: the mediating role of emotion regulation","volume":"43","author":"Mastrokoukou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53623\/apga.v4i1.495","article-title":"Hybrid and blended learning models: innovations, challenges, and future directions in education","volume":"4","author":"Mulenga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pedag. Asiana"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3390\/f13050758","article-title":"Academic success, emotional intelligence, wellbeing and resilience of first-year forestry students","volume":"13","author":"N\u01cestas\u01ce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1108\/EISFL-08-2025-0004","article-title":"Learning management systems and sustainability in Kenyan higher education institutions: a multi-group analysis using PLS-SEM","volume":"1","author":"Omanyo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Educ. Innov. Syst. Future Learn."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09909-7","article-title":"Control-value theory: from achievement emotion to a general theory of human emotions","volume":"36","author":"Pekrun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2023.101355","article-title":"Emotional intelligence and academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Qu\u00edlez-Robres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creat"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13030269","article-title":"Student academic and social engagement in the life of the academy\u2014a lever for retention and persistence in higher education","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e1","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s10212-025-00947-5","article-title":"Feeling well and doing well. The mediating role of school engagement in the relationship between student wellbeing and academic achievement: Jakob Schnell","volume":"40","author":"Schnell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11858-022-01463-2","article-title":"Emotions and motivation in mathematics education: Where we are today and where we need to go","volume":"55","author":"Schukajlow","year":"2023","journal-title":"ZDM\u2013Math. Educ."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13459","article-title":"Self-regulation and shared regulation in collaborative learning in adaptive digital learning environments: a systematic review of empirical studies","volume":"55","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01886-4","article-title":"Emotional intelligence impact on academic achievement and psychological wellbeing among university students: the mediating role of positive psychological characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Shengyao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1108\/OTH-03-2025-0033","article-title":"The role of social support in enhancing self-efficacy and learning satisfaction in online education among secondary school students","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"On the Horizon: Int. J. Learn. Futures"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s44217-025-00825-8","article-title":"A conceptual impact model of digital support for student self-regulation and emotion regulation grounded in self-determination theory","volume":"4","author":"Stalmach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Educ."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332909","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1332909","article-title":"Academic self-efficacy, grit, and teacher support as predictors of psychological wellbeing of Chinese EFL students","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2025.101481","article-title":"Examining the interplay among L2 learners' growth language mindsets, motivational self-system, and persistence: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"11","author":"Tuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/23727810.2023.2236144","article-title":"The effects of the student success skills program on academic achievement and social-emotional skills and competence: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Villares","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Couns."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617592","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1617592","article-title":"The relationship between teacher care behavior and English learning performance: a serial multiple mediation model [Original Research]","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992372","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.992372","article-title":"The implications of expectancy-value theory of motivation in language education","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPDLM-06-2023-0200","article-title":"Progress in partial least squares structural equation modeling use in logistics and supply chain management in the last decade: a structured literature review","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logistics Manag."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70149","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.70149","article-title":"Investigating the Influence of Positive Classroom Management Strategies on Academic Buoyancy, Academic Engagement, Psychological Well-Being and Language Achievement: Visions from EFL Learners","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870540","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.870540","article-title":"Toward technology-based education and English as a foreign language motivation: A review of literature","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000833","article-title":"Student engagement and its association with academic achievement and subjective wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715266","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1715266","article-title":"A 2025 systematic review of teacher emotion regulation and wellbeing: implications for student engagement, learning outcomes, and professional development in EFL contexts","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-025-13382-2","article-title":"A mixed methods study of adult learners' online learning motivation profiles","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Inform. Technol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10387","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02294-2","article-title":"Emotional intelligence promotes optimal learning, engagement, and achievement: a mixed-methods study","volume":"42","author":"Zhoc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05208-5","article-title":"The relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and student achievement: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Educ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1926040\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:33:25Z","timestamp":1790314405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1926040\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1926040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1926040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"1926040"}}