{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:05:35Z","timestamp":1789452335229,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deliberate practice is central to expert performance development, yet the conditions under which practice produces sustained gains remain contested. AI-assisted music practice applications provide adaptive feedback, intelligent scheduling, automated error detection, and performance analytics, potentially supporting deliberate practice. This study examined whether engagement with AI-assisted practice applications is longitudinally associated with expert performance development among conservatory musicians through self-regulated learning (SRL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted over a 16-week academic semester with a target sample of 600 conservatory musicians. Of these, 512 completed all three waves (85.3%). Temporal associations among AI-assisted practice engagement, SRL, and instructor-rated musical performance were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant longitudinal associations supported the proposed pathway. Greater engagement with AI-assisted practice applications was associated with subsequent SRL, which was in turn associated with later instructor-rated musical performance. These findings are consistent with a mediating role of SRL in the association between AI-assisted practice engagement and expert performance development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI-assisted practice applications may support expert performance development by fostering self-regulatory processes conducive to deliberate practice. However, because the study was observational rather than randomized and involved heterogeneous AI applications rather than a standardized intervention, the findings should be interpreted as longitudinal associations rather than causal effects. AI-assisted practice applications are therefore best conceptualized as pedagogical supports that facilitate conditions for deliberate practice rather than as deliberate practice itself.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1929520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:36:42Z","timestamp":1789450602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deliberate practice in the age of artificial intelligence: how AI-assisted practice supports self-regulated learning and expert performance development in conservatory musicians"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Arts Education and Teaching Center, Zhongyuan Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/0255761420936443","article-title":"On the design and validation of a rubric for the evaluation of performance in a musical contest","volume":"39","author":"\u00c1lvarez-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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