{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:04:26Z","timestamp":1789365866876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University dance training requires beginners to translate demonstration, verbal correction, and bodily sensation into revised movement attempts. This study examined whether teacher-reviewed generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) action-analysis materials were associated with stronger action-unit learning than conventional teacher text cues in a university dance course.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A within-student crossover quasi-experimental design included 143 valid students and 827 valid action-unit records across six dance actions. Each student encountered both material conditions on different action units. The primary outcome was teacher-rated revised training quality after feedback, while process variables included action understanding, immediate body awareness, and feedback adoption. Two teachers independently scored each action-unit performance. Mixed-effects and repeated-measures ordinal models were used to account for repeated action-unit records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teacher-reviewed GenAI action-analysis materials were associated with higher revised training quality than conventional teacher text cues (estimate = 5.09, 95% CI [4.14, 6.03]), higher action understanding (estimate = 1.97, 95% CI [1.62, 2.32]), and higher immediate body awareness (estimate = 0.36, 95% CI [0.28, 0.43]). A long-format phase-by-material sensitivity model also showed a larger initial-to-revised change under the GenAI condition (interaction = 1.68, 95% CI [1.01, 2.34]). In the process model, initial performance had the largest standardized coefficient, while action understanding, immediate body awareness, and feedback adoption remained positive predictors of revised training quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teacher-reviewed GenAI action-analysis materials were associated with stronger revised performance and more favorable learning-process indicators than conventional teacher text cues. The findings suggest that GenAI-supported action analysis may be useful when incorporated into teacher-mediated dance instruction, particularly as a structured aid for interpreting feedback and refining movement attempts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1929537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:40:02Z","timestamp":1789364402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Teacher-reviewed generative AI action-analysis materials for university dance training: action understanding, body awareness, feedback uptake, and revised performance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tianhang","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chifeng University","place":["Chifeng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/1089313X0901300201","article-title":"Update on proprioception: considerations for dance education","volume":"13","author":"Batson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dance Med. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2025.100407","article-title":"Implementing generative ai in higher education: a systematic review of case studies","volume":"8","author":"Belkina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922","article-title":"\u201cOn the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?,\u201d","author":"Bender","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.12.005","article-title":"Neurocognitive control in dance perception and performance","volume":"139","author":"Blasing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi007","article-title":"Action observation and acquired motor skills: an fmri study with expert dancers","volume":"15","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2018.1463354","article-title":"The development of student feedback literacy: enabling uptake of feedback","volume":"43","author":"Carless","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assess. Eval. High. Educ."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.033","article-title":"Building a motor simulation de novo: observation of dance by dancers","volume":"31","author":"Cross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-026-06903-y","article-title":"Generative ai technologies and educational outcomes: a comprehensive meta-analysis comparing traditional and ai-driven approaches","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Human. Soc. Sci. Commun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653334","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1653334","article-title":"The impact of video performance technology and peer-to-peer learning on table tennis skill acquisition in elementary students","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Sports Active Living"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300309","article-title":"The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability","volume":"33","author":"Fleiss","year":"1973","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.36.2.212-224","article-title":"Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning","volume":"36","author":"Guadagnoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.18267\/j.aip.235","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence in education: advancing adaptive and personalized learning","volume":"13","author":"Guettala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Inform. Pragensia"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12678\/1089-313X.20.1.23","article-title":"Attentional focus in classical ballet: a survey of professional dancers","volume":"20","author":"Guss-West","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dance Med. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487","article-title":"The power of feedback","volume":"77","author":"Hattie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning","author":"Holmes","year":"2019"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782626","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2026.1782626","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in education: a systematic review of personalized learning trends and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Ikram","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730","article-title":"Survey of hallucination in natural language generation","volume":"55","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"Chatgpt for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718212749","volume-title":"Motor Learning and Control for Dance: Principles and Practices for Performers and Teachers","author":"Krasnow","year":"2015"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288391","article-title":"The theory of the estimation of test reliability","volume":"2","author":"Kuder","year":"1937","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmertest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and anovas","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040410","article-title":"What is the impact of chatgpt on education? A rapid review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Lo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"B27","author":"Luckin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s44436-026-00031-9","article-title":"Generative artificial intelligence in education from a technology research perspective: a scoping review of empirical studies from leading educational technology conferences","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"AI, Brain Child"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients","volume":"1","author":"McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/03075070600572090","article-title":"Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice","volume":"31","author":"Nicol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"B31","year":"2026","journal-title":"OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026: Exploring Effective Uses of Generative AI in Education"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.3.355","article-title":"Knowledge of results and motor learning: a review and critical reappraisal","volume":"95","author":"Salmoni","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076770","article-title":"A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning","volume":"82","author":"Schmidt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307313795","article-title":"Focus on formative feedback","volume":"78","author":"Shute","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8","article-title":"Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: a review","volume":"20","author":"Sigrist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00237-x","article-title":"What if the devil is my guardian angel: Chatgpt as a case study of using chatbots in education","volume":"10","author":"Tlili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Guidance for generative ai in education and research","year":"2023"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Shaping the future of learning: Education readiness for the age of AI","year":"2026"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2012.723728","article-title":"Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years","volume":"6","author":"Wulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0999-9","article-title":"Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: the optimal theory of motor learning","volume":"23","author":"Wulf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196201","article-title":"Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: a review","volume":"8","author":"Wulf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2024.103410","article-title":"Effects of ai-assisted dance skills teaching, evaluation and visual feedback on dance students' learning performance, motivation and self-efficacy","volume":"195","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756945","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2026.1756945","article-title":"The application of generative AI in university dance education: effects on dance skills, engagement and learning motivation","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3489","DOI":"10.1002\/rev3.3489","article-title":"Generative AI in education and research: a systematic mapping review","volume":"12","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Educ."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-019-0171-0","article-title":"Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education-where are the educators?","volume":"16","author":"Zawacki-Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1177\/07356331261419689","article-title":"A meta-review of generative ai in education: synthesizing findings from systematic reviews","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Educ. Comput. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12599","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12599","article-title":"A systematic review of chatgpt use in k-12 education","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1177\/14727978241303825","article-title":"Teaching reform of dance major based on tpack learning theory and AI classroom","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1929537\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:40:04Z","timestamp":1789364404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1929537\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1929537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1929537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1929537"}}