{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:57:29Z","timestamp":1790776649032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open-ended language tasks are increasingly used in personality assessment, but their psychometric value largely depends on two factors: the type of evidence a task elicits and how that evidence is represented before scoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we examined five spoken responses to a picture-based self-projection task collected from 374 participants during in-person workplace training sessions. Participants first completed the Big Five Inventory-2 questionnaire; the spoken task was administered approximately 1 day later, and responses were transcribed using a Whisper-based automatic speech recognition pipeline. We compared four approaches applied to the same transcribed corpus: Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (a lexical dictionary method), contextual semantic embeddings, holistic large language model (LLM) appraisal (holistic appraisal route; HAR), and hierarchical cue integration route (HCIR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results were trait-specific: extraversion was the most recoverable domain across methods, whereas Openness was the least recoverable. HAR preserved rank-order information, particularly for Extraversion, but exhibited poor calibration, evidenced by negative mean\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00b2 values and systematic directional bias in extreme score bands. In the retained comparison, HCIR-Grounded showed the most favorable observed association\u2013calibration profile among the evaluated approaches (mean |\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      | = 0.264, mean\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.073), with notably higher observed correlations for Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We refrain from attributing this pattern solely to cue integration, however, as HCIR included a supervised calibration stage that HAR lacked; the comparison therefore reflects the joint contribution of cue organization and supervised calibration. By explicitly organizing cue provenance, self-relevance, quality indicators, and trait-specific evidence before supervised calibration, HCIR supports a measurement-oriented interpretation of LLM-assisted personality inference from spoken responses that combine self-projection, preference, and normative evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1930314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:11:03Z","timestamp":1790773863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From direct scoring to cue integration: big five prediction from spoken responses to a picture-based self-projection task"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qifan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797609360756","article-title":"Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization","volume":"21","author":"Back","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.614","article-title":"Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression","volume":"70","author":"Banse","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.1.119","article-title":"What do you learn about someone over time? The relationship between length of acquaintance and consensus and self-other agreement in judgments of personality","volume":"92","author":"Biesanz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2389.2006.00354.x","article-title":"A meta-analytic investigation of job applicant faking on personality measures","volume":"14","author":"Birkeland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sel. Assess."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.4.645","article-title":"Trait inferences: sources of validity at zero acquaintance","volume":"62","author":"Borkenau","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.07.017","article-title":"Language-based personality: a new approach to personality in a digital world","volume":"18","author":"Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X20967028","article-title":"Natural language analysis and the psychology of verbal behavior: the past, present, and future states of the field","volume":"40","author":"Boyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lang. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520350519","volume-title":"Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments","author":"Brunswik","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040957","article-title":"Construct validity in psychological tests","volume":"52","author":"Cronbach","year":"1955","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000349","article-title":"Closed- and open-vocabulary approaches to text analysis: a review, quantitative comparison, and recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Eichstaedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.2.334","article-title":"Personality as manifest in word use: correlations with self-report, acquaintance report, and behavior","volume":"94","author":"Fast","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.4.652","article-title":"On the accuracy of personality judgment: a realistic approach","volume":"102","author":"Funder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412445309","article-title":"Accurate personality judgment","volume":"21","author":"Funder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.6.1216","article-title":"An alternative \"description of personality\": the big-five factor structure","volume":"59","author":"Goldberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000430","article-title":"Digital data and personality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human perception and computer prediction","volume":"150","author":"Hinds","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000381","article-title":"The kernel of truth in text-based personality assessment: a meta-analysis of the relations between the big five and the linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC)","volume":"148","author":"Koutsoumpis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.1.111","article-title":"Information quantity and quality affect the realistic accuracy of personality judgment","volume":"91","author":"Letzring","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.354","article-title":"Automated assessment of psychiatric disorders using speech: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Low","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngol. Speech Lang. Sci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.2349","article-title":"Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text","volume":"30","author":"Mairesse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.1.81","article-title":"Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers","volume":"52","author":"McCrae","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.5.509","article-title":"Personality trait structure as a human universal","volume":"52","author":"McCrae","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.862","article-title":"Personality in its natural habitat: manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life","volume":"90","author":"Mehl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2007.00089.x","article-title":"Reconsidering the use of personality tests in personnel selection contexts","volume":"60","author":"Morgeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.6.660","article-title":"Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: the red herring","volume":"81","author":"Ones","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127","article-title":"Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes","volume":"57","author":"Ozer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000020","article-title":"Automatic personality assessment through social media language","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"The Development and Psychometric Properties of LIWC2015","author":"Pennebaker","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1296","article-title":"Linguistic styles: language use as an individual difference","volume":"77","author":"Pennebaker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgae231","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae231","article-title":"Large language models can infer psychological dispositions of social media users","volume":"3","author":"Peters","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"28492","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Radford","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x","article-title":"The power of personality: the comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic status, and cognitive ability for predicting important life outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00084-5","article-title":"Vocal communication of emotion: a review of research paradigms","volume":"40","author":"Scherer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Speech Comm."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073791","article-title":"Personality, gender, and age in the language of social media: the open-vocabulary approach","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000096","article-title":"The next big five inventory (BFI-2): developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power","volume":"113","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920484117","article-title":"Predicting personality from patterns of behavior collected with smartphones","volume":"117","author":"Stachl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X09351676","article-title":"The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods","volume":"29","author":"Tausczik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lang. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.3.500","article-title":"A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance","volume":"88","author":"Tett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.2000.2292","article-title":"Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: testing a principle of trait activation","volume":"34","author":"Tett","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017908","article-title":"Who knows what about a person? The self\u2013other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model","volume":"98","author":"Vazire","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-025-02389-x","article-title":"Assessing personality using zero-shot generative AI scoring of brief open-ended text","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418680112","article-title":"Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2010.04.001","article-title":"Personality in 100,000 words: a large-scale analysis of personality and word use among bloggers","volume":"44","author":"Yarkoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211008245","article-title":"The big five inventory\u20132 in China: a comprehensive psychometric evaluation in four diverse samples","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1930314\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:11:04Z","timestamp":1790773864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1930314\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1930314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1930314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1930314"}}