{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:04:56Z","timestamp":1789538696908,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opposition to gender ideology has become a socially and politically salient phenomenon, yet there is still a lack of validated instruments capable of capturing its multidimensional structure in a systematic way. The present research aimed to develop the Gender Ideology Belief Scale (GIBS), a new measure designed to assess negative attitudes toward gender ideology as a coherent ideological construct.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across two studies involving Italian participants (total\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f595), the GIBS was developed through a multi-phase process including literature review, analysis of public anti-gender discourse, item generation, expert evaluation, and psychometric testing. In Study 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f332), exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the most suitable items and examine the latent structure of the scale, whereas in Study 2 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f263), confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the factorial structure and assess reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The exploratory factor analysis supported a three-factor solution reflecting conspiratorial beliefs, resistance to gender-inclusive education, and adherence to traditional family values. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a second-order structure in which these three dimensions loaded onto a broader gender ideology factor, and the final 14-item version of the scale demonstrated acceptable reliability and associations with right-wing authoritarianism, sexual prejudice, and conspiracist beliefs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GIBS provides researchers with a new instrument for examining opposition to gender ideology as an organized belief system rather than as an isolated attitude. By offering a multidimensional measure of anti-gender beliefs, this scale may support future research on cultural backlash, ideological resistance to social change, and the psychological dynamics underlying contemporary conflicts over gender and diversity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1931745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:32:38Z","timestamp":1789536758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unmasking the anti-gender mindset: development and validation of the Gender Ideology Belief Scale"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ivan Giuseppe","family":"Cammarata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Boca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo","place":["Palermo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco Carmine","family":"Servidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Culture, Education and Society, University of Calabria","place":["Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Basilico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Culture, Education and Society, University of Calabria","place":["Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12245","article-title":"The role of entitlement, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism in the prediction of homonegativity for heterosexual white men","volume":"21","author":"Adelman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. 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