{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:56:05Z","timestamp":1790751365206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging adults who identify as sexual and gender minorities (SGM) often report greater alcohol use and adverse sexual health experiences compared to cisgender heterosexual (CH) peers. This study investigated whether participants\u2019 identity as either SGM or CH was related to drinking in sexual contexts (DISC) through its relationship with levels of social support, supportive communication, and sex communication from parents and friends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional survey responses were collected on-line during November 2024\u2013May 2025 from a convenience sample of 674 university students in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two path models were conducted using the PROCESS macro in SPSS, one examining parent variables, and the other examining friend variables. Each model specified one predictor (identity: CH or SGM), one outcome (DISC), and four parallel mediators (social support [parent\/friend]; general communication [parent\/friend], open sex communication [parent\/friend]; lack of sex communication [parent\/friend]. The indirect path of identity to DISC was significant via parent lack of sex communication (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.11, SE\u202f=\u202f0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 0.24]) and friend open sex communication (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.11, SE\u202f=\u202f0.04, 95% CI [0.04, 0.22]), but not via parent\/friend social support and general communication, parent open sex communication, and friend lack of sex communication. Compared to CH participants, SGM participants reported significantly more open friend sex communication and parent lack of sex communication which were associated with significantly higher levels of DISC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the importance of DISC within the conversation of SGM sexual health and the need for family and peer-based interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1932437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:05:29Z","timestamp":1790748329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parent and friend support and communication as correlates of sexual and gender minority alcohol use in sexual contexts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Zawacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, University of Texas at San Antonio","place":["San Antonio, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07900-y","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual assault in a cohort of transgender and gender diverse individuals","volume":"38","author":"Abern","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-6133.19.6.586","article-title":"Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy, white women","volume":"19","author":"Adler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02202939","article-title":"The inventory of parent and peer attachment: individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Armsden","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.08.009","article-title":"Does being drunk or high cause HIV sexual risk behavior? A systematic review of drug administration studies","volume":"164","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/15546128.2022.2141935","article-title":"\u201cWhenever you\u2019re ready to talk about it\u201d: prompts and barriers to inclusive family sex communication with gay, bisexual, and queer sons","volume":"18","author":"Bond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Sex. Educ."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.007","article-title":"Mother\u2013son communication about sex and routine human immunodeficiency virus testing among younger men of color who have sex with men","volume":"57","author":"Bouris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.07.004","article-title":"Social support and its effects on adolescent sexual risk taking: a look at vulnerable populations in Baltimore and Johannesburg","volume":"64","author":"Bruederle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-022-02369-z","article-title":"Parental sexual passion and parent-child communication about sex","volume":"32","author":"Busby","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-024-01703-9","article-title":"The association of stigma, school, and family factors with patterns of substance use among LGBTQ youth","volume":"25","author":"Caba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9100","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519863725","article-title":"Differences in lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women\u2019s experiences of sexual assault and rape in a national U.S. sample","volume":"36","author":"Canan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref11","year":""},{"key":"ref12","year":""},{"key":"ref13","year":""},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.53.2.189","article-title":"Social determinants of alcohol consumption: the effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol","volume":"53","author":"Collins","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0762-8","article-title":"Prevalence of past-year sexual assault victimization among undergraduate students: exploring differences by and intersections of gender identity, sexual identity, and race\/ethnicity","volume":"18","author":"Coulter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1990.9.1.3","article-title":"Stress and social support - in search of optimal matching","volume":"9","author":"Cutrona","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9566-x","article-title":"Sexuality related social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth","volume":"39","author":"Doty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1025419519668","article-title":"The process and content of sexual communication with adolescents in two-parent families: associations with sexual risk-taking behavior","volume":"3","author":"Dutra","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517726414","article-title":"Sexual assault, sexual orientation, and reporting among college students","volume":"36","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1057-7","article-title":"Gay and bisexual adolescent boys\u2019 perspectives on parent\u2013adolescent relationships and parenting practices related to teen sex and dating","volume":"47","author":"Feinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01648-4","article-title":"Family characteristics in sex communication and social support: implications for emerging adult men who have sex with men\u2019s prep engagement","volume":"49","author":"Flores","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233944","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.3944","article-title":"Associations between mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationships and young adult health","volume":"6","author":"Ford","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12740","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.12740","article-title":"After coming out: parental acceptance of young lesbian and gay people","volume":"14","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sociol. Compass"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0678-7","article-title":"Early male partnership patterns, social support, and sexual risk behavior among young men who have sex with men","volume":"18","author":"Glick","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07205-3","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of an online, family-based intervention to promote adolescent sexual health: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Guilamo-Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj024","article-title":"Supportive relationships and sexual risk behavior in adolescence: an ecological\u2013transactional approach","volume":"31","author":"Henrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000583","article-title":"Hazardous substance use among sexual and gender minority adults: a deeper look into distal minority stressors","volume":"11","author":"Hinds","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Sex. Orientat. Gend. Divers."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241311930","article-title":"LGBTQ+ adult sexual violence critical scoping review: victimization risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Ison","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167207306281","article-title":"Why do some men misperceive women\u2019s sexual intentions more frequently than others do? An application of the confluence model","volume":"33","author":"Jacques-Tiura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref32","author":"James","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014795","article-title":"Sexual and ethnic identity development among gay\u2013bisexual\u2013questioning (GBQ) male ethnic minority adolescents Cultur","volume":"15","author":"Jamil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Divers. Ethnic Minor. Psychol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(91)90007-K","article-title":"Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action","volume":"12","author":"Jessor","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10499","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519883866","article-title":"Sexual violence among gender and sexual minority college students: the risk and extent of victimization and related health and educational outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Kammer-Kerwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP15176","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211001469","article-title":"Associations of relationship experiences, dating violence, sexual harassment, and assault with alcohol use among sexual and gender minority adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Kiekens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13244","article-title":"Binge drinking and sexual risk behavior among US sexual and gender minority college students","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2022.2106884","article-title":"Examining substance-involved sexual experiences and consent communication by sexual identity","volume":"14","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Theol. Sex."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2020.04.004","article-title":"Parent-adolescent sex communication with sexual and gender minority youth: an integrated review","volume":"34","author":"McKay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13911","article-title":"The role of social support in motivating reductions in alcohol use: a test of three models of social support in alcohol-impaired drivers","volume":"43","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121251413045","article-title":"Exploring prevalence of risky sexual behaviour among adolescents in high schools: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2026","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0157","article-title":"The influence of families on LGBTQ youth health: a call to action for innovation in research and intervention development","volume":"6","author":"Newcomb","year":"2019","journal-title":"LGBT Health."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2019.0225","article-title":"Social networks and sexual and gender minority disparities in alcohol use and consequences among first-year college students","volume":"9","author":"Ott","year":"2022","journal-title":"LGBT Health."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.25-00079","article-title":"Alcohol and sexual and intimate partner violence: a review, current trends, and a look toward the future","volume":"86","author":"Read","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12466","article-title":"Conditional families and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth homelessness: gender, sexuality, family instability, and rejection","volume":"80","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2020.1792398","article-title":"Development and testing of the parent-child sex communication inventory: a multidimensional assessment tool for parent and adolescent informants","volume":"59","author":"Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x","article-title":"Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults","volume":"23","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2022.2056416","article-title":"The influence of pre-college behaviors and parenting practices on alcohol misuse, sexual risk-taking, and adverse outcomes among first-year college women","volume":"72","author":"Saint-Eloi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Heal."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/10538720.2023.2246924","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between casual substance use and sexual risk behaviors in sexual and gender minority emerging adults","volume":"36","author":"Scroggs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sexual. Gend. Divers. Soc. Serv."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001549","article-title":"Acute alcohol consumption directly increases HIV transmission risk: a randomized controlled experiment","volume":"76","author":"Shuper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20183766","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3766","article-title":"Adolescent connectedness and adult health outcomes","volume":"144","author":"Steiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12762","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12762","article-title":"Peer attachment in adolescence: what are the individual and relational associated factors?","volume":"33","author":"Therriault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0717-z","article-title":"Parental monitoring, parent\u2013adolescent communication about sex, and sexual risk among young men who have sex with men","volume":"18","author":"Thoma","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919279","article-title":"Modes of social support: the social support behaviors (SS-B) scale","volume":"15","author":"Vaux","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04944-z","article-title":"A meta-analysis study on peer influence and adolescent substance use","volume":"43","author":"Watts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2324","article-title":"Assessment of parent-based interventions for adolescent sexual health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"Widman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.70286","article-title":"A prospective study examining the consequences of family rejection for sexual and gender minority youth","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fam. Relat."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000491","article-title":"How does perceived social support relate to human thriving? A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"151","author":"Yeo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.10076","article-title":"Perpetrators of alcohol-involved sexual assaults: how do they differ from other sexual assault perpetrators and nonperpetrators?","volume":"29","author":"Zawacki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aggress. Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1932437\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1790748330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1932437\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1932437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1932437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1932437"}}