{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:05:31Z","timestamp":1790744731425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University students extensively use the internet for academic, social, and recreational purposes, increasing the risk of developing problematic internet use (PIU). Although several instruments exist, there is a need for brief, psychometrically sound screening tools capable of identifying individuals at risk and detecting related conditions such as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Online Gambling Disorder (OGD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the 9-item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in a sample of first-year university students and to explore its screening performance for PIU and its potential utility for identifying increased risk of related conditions such as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Online Gambling Disorder (OGD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted with\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 273 university students [180 women (65.9%), 93 men (34.1%); mean age 19.5 years, SD 1.9]. Participants were recruited from university settings and completed a self-administered battery of validated instruments assessing PIU, addictive behaviors, impulsivity, emotion regulation, and general psychopathology. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency was assessed using McDonald\u2019s omega. Convergent validity was evaluated through Pearson correlation coefficients with related constructs. Test\u2013retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and weighted\n                      <jats:italic>kappa<\/jats:italic>\n                      statistics. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to determine empirically derived screening threshold for identifying high risk of PIU, IGD, and OGD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure of the PIUQ-9. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency (\u03c9 = 0.82) and explained 38.5% of the total variance. Convergent validity was supported by moderate to strong correlations with related measures, including risk of internet\/social network addiction (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.666; 95%CI: 0.594\u20130.727), impulsivity (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.369; 95%CI: 0.262\u20130.467), emotion regulation difficulties (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.382; 95%CI: 0.276\u20130.479), and psychological distress (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.312; 95%CI: 0.201\u20130.415) (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Test\u2013retest reliability was good (\n                      <jats:italic>ICC<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.753; 95%CI: 0.650\u20130.830), with item-level agreement ranging from moderate to substantial (weighted\n                      <jats:italic>kappa<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.435 [95%CI: 0.278\u20130.593] to 0.698 [95%CI: 0.593\u20130.803]). The area under the ROC curve was 0.824 (95% CI: 0.768\u20130.881). ROC analyses identified an empirically derived screening threshold of 9 for high risk of PIU, 11 for increased risk of IGD, and 13 for increased risk of OGD. These thresholds showed variable discriminatory performance, with lower specificity and positive predictive values for IGD and OGD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PIUQ-9 is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument for assessing PIU among university students. This study extends previous research by providing evidence of its accuracy in identifying related behavioral addictions, such as IGD and OGD, within a population highly vulnerable to PIU yet still underrepresented in the scientific literature. The findings support its utility as an efficient screening tool in both research and applied settings, facilitating early detection and targeted prevention strategies in young adult populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1936216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:52:46Z","timestamp":1790743966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early detection of problematic internet use among university students: psychometric validation of the PIUQ-9"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Roser","family":"Granero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona - UAB","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Group of Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Group of Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona - UB","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Flinders University","place":["Bedford Park, SA, Australia"]},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University","place":["Budapest, Hungary"]},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar","place":["Gibraltar, Gibraltar"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"Group of Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours, Neuroscience Program, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]},{"name":"Clinical Psychology Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona - UB","place":["L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-022-10122-w","article-title":"Emerging gambling problems and suggested interventions: A systematic review of empirical research.","volume":"39","author":"Ak\u00e7ay\u0131r","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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