{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:56:53Z","timestamp":1790751413711,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As international student mobility expands beyond traditional Anglophone destinations, universities increasingly need to understand how perceived academic support relates to students\u2019 participation, adaptation, confidence, and learning effectiveness after enrollment. Less attention has been given to the relationship between academic support conditions and perceived learning effectiveness in non-Anglophone higher education contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study tested an educational psychology framework linking selected background characteristics, perceived academic support conditions, and perceived learning effectiveness among 218 international students in Chinese universities. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, follow-up confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling with bootstrapping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Student support services and academic quality, safety, and career preparedness showed significant positive associations with perceived learning effectiveness, whereas gender, funding type, and prior GPA showed no significant direct associations. Funding type was associated with academic and administrative reliability and learning environment quality but was not directly associated with perceived learning effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the relevance of post-enrollment academic support conditions for international students\u2019 perceived learning effectiveness, with implications for advising, communication support, counseling access, and career-related guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1937334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:06:25Z","timestamp":1790748385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-enrollment academic support and perceived learning effectiveness among international students in Chinese universities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Homa","family":"Bahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geo-Environment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdussalam","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akeredolu Richard","family":"Joshua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-6431.2005.00480.x","article-title":"The development of HEdPERF: a new measuring instrument of service quality for the higher education sector","volume":"30","author":"Abdullah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Consum. Stud."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/13583883.2018.1458247","article-title":"International students' choice to study in China: an exploratory study","volume":"24","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tert. Educ. Manag."},{"key":"ref7002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020253","article-title":"Predictors of academic adjustment among international students in rural Southern USA","volume":"22","author":"Al Juboori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedudev.2017.08.006","article-title":"Factors influencing international student satisfaction in Korean universities","volume":"57","author":"Alemu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-10-2016-0568","article-title":"An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in hospitality research","volume":"30","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.32674\/jis.v11i2.2038","article-title":"The differential impact of learning experiences on international student satisfaction and institutional recommendation","volume":"11","author":"Ammigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Stud."},{"key":"ref7003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0315040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315040","article-title":"The influence of language proficiency, acculturation stress, and institutional support in enhancing personal development of international students in China","volume":"20","author":"Azram","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","author":"Bianchi","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-06-2023-0180","article-title":"Integrating online learning into service quality assessment in higher-education its influence on student satisfaction","volume":"37","author":"Bouranta","year":"2024","journal-title":"TQM J."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.21449\/ijate.856143","article-title":"Kirkpatrick model: its limitations as used in higher education evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Cahapay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Assess. Tools Educ."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632837","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1632837","article-title":"Analyzing the perception of students regarding administrative support, educational process quality, and institutional management within universities in Romania","volume":"10","author":"Dalban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"2453","author":"Dima","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315316647164","article-title":"Exploring the experiences of international students in China","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stud. Int. Educ."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251335743","article-title":"Challenges and strategies of international students studying in the Hainan free trade port","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2025.102252","article-title":"A systematic review of personal and situational factors associated with intercultural adaptation of international students: unravelling the resources and demands","volume":"108","author":"Gebregergis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Intercult. Relat."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2011.05.001","article-title":"Educational systems efficiency in European Union countries","volume":"37","author":"Giambona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stud. Educ. Eval."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0325901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325901","article-title":"Input-output efficiency, productivity dynamics, and determinants in western China's higher education: a three-stage DEA, global Malmquist index, and Tobit model approach","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2024.2418477","article-title":"A systematic review of international students' experiences transitioning from non-Anglophone high schools to universities in Anglophone settings","volume":"47","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Multiling. Multicult. Dev."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/higheredu2010013","article-title":"Assessing service quality using SERVQUAL model: an empirical study on some private universities in Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Hoque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends High. Educ."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5539\/hes.v9n4p80","article-title":"A study on academic adaptation of international students in China","volume":"9","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"High. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref7001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2019.05.007","article-title":"International graduate students in American higher education: Exploring academic and non-academic experiences of international graduate students in non-STEM fields","volume":"96","author":"Hyun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref19","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-018-0235-4","article-title":"International student education in China: characteristics, challenges, and future trends","volume":"76","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"High. Educ."},{"key":"ref7004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2009.11.001","article-title":"\u201cI don\u2019t talk or I decide not to talk? Is it my culture?\u201d - International students\u2019 experiences of tutorial participation","volume":"48","author":"Marlina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.32674\/jis.v9i1.275","article-title":"Academic and social support services for international students: current practices","volume":"9","author":"Martirosyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Stud."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2024.101013","article-title":"Educational experience, university satisfaction and institutional reputation: implications for university sustainability","volume":"22","author":"Mendoza-Villafaina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Educ."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/09645290802470475","article-title":"Measuring educational efficiency at student level with parametric stochastic distance functions: an application to Spanish PISA results","volume":"19","author":"Perelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Econ."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11092-010-9098-7","article-title":"Adaptation of Kirkpatrick's four level model of training criteria to assessment of learning outcomes and program evaluation in higher education","volume":"22","author":"Praslova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ. Assess. Eval. Account."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2023.102277","article-title":"UDL for inclusive higher education\u2014what makes group work effective for diverse international students in UK?","volume":"123","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393521","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2024.2393521","article-title":"The effect of higher education service quality on satisfaction among business students in India and Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Surya Bahadur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Educ."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818648","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2026.1818648","article-title":"E-learning service quality and student satisfaction in public universities: a quantitative hierarchization of determinants through systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Vinueza-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2024.102330","article-title":"How do international student returnees contribute to the development of their home countries? A systematic mapping and thematic synthesis","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1028315318797356","article-title":"Traditional Chinese views on education as perceived by international students in China: international student attitudes and understandings","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Stud. Int. Educ."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0288373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288373","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the measure of the international learning environment status (MILES) in international higher education","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.350","article-title":"SERVQUAL: measuring higher education service quality in Thailand","volume":"116","author":"Yousapronpaiboon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101807","article-title":"\u201cHere you have to face the real China!\u201d: international students' experiences at a Chinese superdiverse university","volume":"109","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/03055698.2021.1978939","article-title":"Factors influencing international student inward mobility in China: a comparison between students from BRI and non-BRI countries","volume":"50","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15111578","article-title":"Perceived teacher support profiles and students' mathematics engagement, anxiety and attitude: a latent profile analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1937334\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:06:26Z","timestamp":1790748386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1937334\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1937334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1937334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1937334"}}