{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:01:04Z","timestamp":1790834464817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This measurement-aware secondary analysis examines whether five theoretically distinct AI-acceptance and continuance domains are empirically separable in 301 records from a public dataset described by its repository as university-student responses from mainland China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis used 301 records in a public workbook described by its repository as responses from university students in mainland China. Five 4-item questionnaire blocks were reconstructed from the public workbook. The measurement audit combined internal-consistency assessment, HTMT, principal-component analysis, one- versus five-factor CFA benchmarks, and a collapsed descriptive 16-item summary score. HC3-robust regressions were retained as descriptive composite benchmarks, while bootstrap and fsQCA analyses were treated as supplementary diagnostics. Perceived practical usefulness refers to respondents\u2019 perceived career, efficiency, competitiveness, and problem-solving value rather than verified learning, employment, or institutional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The five domains were internally reliable but not empirically distinct. HTMT estimates ranged from 0.983 to 1.007, the first unrotated component explained 58.75% of item variance, and the five-factor CFA provided negligible improvement over the one-factor model, with latent correlations ranging from 0.980 to 0.997. A collapsed 16-item descriptive composite was strongly associated with continuance intention (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.896,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.805). The regression coefficients therefore describe how shared variance is distributed across the questionnaire composites rather than independent acceptance mechanisms. fsQCA produced one high-readiness configuration and its symmetric low-readiness counterpart, with no evidence of equifinality or configurational asymmetry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study provides a reproducible measurement critique of a public AI-acceptance dataset. Its central finding is inadequate discriminant separation among the five affirmative questionnaire blocks. Their shared covariance can be summarized descriptively, but the present data cannot determine whether that common dimension is substantive, method-related, or both, and it should not be treated as a newly validated AI-readiness construct.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1963259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:41:30Z","timestamp":1790833290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond technology acceptance: AI-application readiness and continuance intention among Chinese university students\u2014a measurement-aware secondary analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Media Technology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Media Technology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100294","article-title":"\u201cChatGPT seems too good to be true\u201d: college students\u2019 use and perceptions of generative AI","volume":"7","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08697-6","article-title":"Impact of generative AI interaction and output quality on university students\u2019 learning outcomes: a technology-mediated and motivation-driven approach","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2307\/3250921","article-title":"Understanding information systems continuance: an expectation-confirmation model","volume":"25","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"2001","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00436-z","article-title":"A meta systematic review of artificial intelligence in higher education: a call for increased ethics, collaboration, and rigour","volume":"21","author":"Bond","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00408-3","article-title":"A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00411-8","article-title":"Students\u2019 voices on generative AI: perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref7","author":"Chen","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100118","article-title":"Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education","volume":"4","author":"Chiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148","article-title":"Chatting and cheating: ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT","volume":"61","author":"Cotton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov. Educ. Teach. Int."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00392-8","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field","volume":"20","author":"Crompton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00452-7","article-title":"First-year students\u2019 AI-competence as a predictor for intended and de facto use of AI-tools for supporting learning processes in higher education","volume":"21","author":"Delcker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105224","article-title":"Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies","volume":"227","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06930-w","article-title":"Educational impacts of generative artificial intelligence on learning and performance of engineering students in China","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2195846","article-title":"A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: implications for educational practice and research","volume":"61","author":"Farrokhnia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innov. Educ. Teach. Int."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2011.60263120","article-title":"Building better causal theories: a fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research","volume":"54","author":"Fiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13070692","article-title":"Shaping the future of education: exploring the potential and consequences of AI and ChatGPT in educational settings","volume":"13","author":"Grassini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)","author":"Hair","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.5.943","article-title":"Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment","volume":"78","author":"Ji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-024-09774-w","article-title":"Examining faculty and student perceptions of generative AI in university courses","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17632\/hx6m853xks.1","article-title":"Factors influencing Chinese university students\u2019 learning attitudes and intentions for continuous use of artificial intelligence courses","author":"Kuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mendeley Data"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00567-5","article-title":"Assessing strategic use of artificial intelligence in self-regulated learning: instrument development and evidence from Chinese university students","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00540-2","article-title":"Design and assessment of AI-based learning tools in higher education: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3901_4","article-title":"Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods","volume":"39","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(85)90158-7","article-title":"Some heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimators with improved finite sample properties","volume":"29","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10925-9","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in online higher education: a systematic review of empirical research from 2011 to 2020","volume":"27","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310","article-title":"Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA): guidelines for research practice in information systems and marketing","volume":"58","author":"Pappas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670514539730","article-title":"An updated and streamlined technology readiness index: TRI 2.0","volume":"18","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.53761\/1.20.02.07","article-title":"Academic integrity considerations of AI large language models in the post-pandemic era: ChatGPT and beyond","volume":"20","author":"Perkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Univ. Teach. Learn. Pract."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226702797.001.0001","volume-title":"Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond","author":"Ragin","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139004244","volume-title":"Set-Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis","author":"Schneider","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100259","article-title":"Perceptions and usage of AI chatbots among students in higher education across genders, academic levels and fields of study","volume":"7","author":"St\u00f6hr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2209881","article-title":"To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students\u2019 acceptance and use of technology","volume":"32","author":"Strzelecki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00237-x","article-title":"What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education","volume":"10","author":"Tlili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721409359301","article-title":"The origin of cultural differences in cognition: the social orientation hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"Varnum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04168-x","article-title":"Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence application in personalized learning environments: thematic analysis of undergraduates\u2019 perceptions in China","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-67","article-title":"A theory of organizational readiness for change","volume":"4","author":"Weiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2024.2327003","article-title":"From surface to deep learning approaches with generative AI in higher education: an analytical framework of student agency","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354929","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2024.1354929","article-title":"ChatGPT in higher education: factors influencing ChatGPT user satisfaction and continued use intention","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5557","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065557","article-title":"Research on the influence of e-learning quality on the intention to continue e-learning: evidence from SEM and fsQCA","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188363","article-title":"Factors influencing university students\u2019 continuance intentions towards self-directed learning using artificial intelligence tools: insights from structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1207\/S15430421TIP4102_2","article-title":"Becoming a self-regulated learner: an overview","volume":"41","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theory Pract."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1963259\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:41:32Z","timestamp":1790833292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1963259\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1963259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1963259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"1963259"}}