{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:55:10Z","timestamp":1790751310631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the psychological mechanisms of persistence in adult instrumental learning, this study investigates the associations among different types of teacher feedback, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation, and examines the moderating role of learning stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a cross-sectional survey design, scale and open-ended text data were collected from 743 adult violin learners. A moderated mediation model was tested through multiple regression and the Bootstrap method, supplemented by thematic analysis to provide a qualitative context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data analysis indicates: (1) Positive feedback and constructive feedback are significantly and positively associated with intrinsic motivation (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.207,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.342,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), while negative feedback shows a significant negative association (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.318,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001); (2) Self-efficacy demonstrates a significant partial mediating association between the three types of feedback and intrinsic motivation, with indirect effect estimates of 0.103, 0.098, and \u22120.097, respectively (95% CIs all exclude 0); (3) The learning stage significantly moderates the conditional indirect effects: as the learning stage advances, the indirect association of positive feedback on intrinsic motivation via self-efficacy gradually weakens (index of moderated mediation = \u22120.045), whereas the indirect association of constructive feedback gradually strengthens (index of moderated mediation = 0.038). Open-ended texts echo these statistical paths at the micro-level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study shows that there are heterogeneous and dynamic statistical connections between teacher feedback and adult intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy is a key pathway to understanding this connection. In practice, the provision of instructional feedback content should match the learners\u2019 experience stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1985014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:00:28Z","timestamp":1790748028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A study on the relationship between teacher feedback types, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation among violin learners"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Music and Dance, Quanzhou Normal University","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingzhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Music and Dance, Quanzhou Normal University","place":["Quanzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Music College, Capital Normal University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.47772\/IJRISS.2024.807069","article-title":"Self-concept, adult learner experience, readiness to learn, orientation of learning, motivation to learn as correlates of adult learners learning styles","volume":"8","author":"Ampler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Innov. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.14434\/josotl.v23i2.33527","article-title":"Enhancing preservice teachers\u2019 self-efficacy for teaching diverse learners: capturing young students\u2019 attention through a read-a-loud and music","volume":"23","author":"Arrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sch. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A social Cognitive Theory","author":"Bandura","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685205","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1685205","article-title":"Development of self-efficacy skills of prospective music teachers in singing activity: insights of educators","volume":"16","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735614534910","article-title":"When quantity is not enough: disentangling the roles of practice time, self-regulation and deliberate practice in musical achievement","volume":"43","author":"Bonneville-Roussy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572950","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2025.1572950","article-title":"Students\u2019 perceptions and outcome of teacher feedback: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Brandmo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Educ."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1321103X13478862","article-title":"The power of music in the lives of older adults","volume":"35","author":"Creech","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Stud. Music Educ."},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Mindset: The New Psychology of Success","author":"Dweck","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1029864914568044","article-title":"Self-determination theory: an approach to motivation in music education","volume":"19","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Musicae Sci."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30384-9","article-title":"How leisure activities affect health: a narrative review and multi-level theoretical framework of mechanisms of action","volume":"8","author":"Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20592043241284822","DOI":"10.1177\/20592043241284822","article-title":"Motivation in learning musical instruments: the role of parents, teachers, and friends","volume":"7","author":"F\u00f6ldi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Music. Sci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/14613808.2026.2672352","article-title":"Building confidence in music performance: a teacher-led self-efficacy approach","volume":"28","author":"Gill","year":"2026","journal-title":"Music. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88187-x","article-title":"The impact of teacher emotional support on learning engagement among college students mediated by academic self-efficacy and academic resilience","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487","article-title":"The power of feedback","volume":"77","author":"Hattie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1352100","article-title":"Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: quantification, inference, and interpretation","volume":"85","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. Monogr."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-025-03016-0","article-title":"Enhancing online learning engagement: teacher support, psychological needs satisfaction and interaction","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Psychol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620966789","article-title":"Student motivation and associated outcomes: a meta-analysis from self-determination theory","volume":"16","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20592043261451086","DOI":"10.1177\/20592043261451086","article-title":"Between rhetoric and reality: an ecological systems review of Chinese national music education in higher education (2019\u20132025)","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Music. Sci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1469-0292(02)00012-2","article-title":"Perceptions of teacher\u2019s feedback and learning environment as predictors of intrinsic motivation in physical education","volume":"4","author":"Koka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614535810","article-title":"Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and professions: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Macnamara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562354","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1562354","article-title":"The influence of research self-efficacy and learning engagement on Ed. D students\u2019 academic achievement","volume":"16","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10018","DOI":"10.70322\/ldmh.2025.10018","article-title":"Self-directed learning across the lifespan regarding psychological flow\u2014a topical assessment of recent publications with high recall and high precision","volume":"1","author":"Nash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lifespan Dev. Mental Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-024-09812-8","article-title":"Online peer feedback versus online teacher feedback? Effect of online feedback on students\u2019 self-regulated learning","volume":"30","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Knowl. Learn."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138108.001.0001","volume-title":"The Science and Psychology of Music Performance: Creative Strategies for Teaching and Learning","author":"Parncutt","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0305735610374895","article-title":"Measuring distinct types of musical self-efficacy","volume":"39","author":"Ritchie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Music"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0259105","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259105","article-title":"Survival of musical activities. When do young people stop making music?","volume":"16","author":"Ruth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101860","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: definitions, theory, practices, and future directions","volume":"61","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25215\/1301.050","article-title":"Role of music in improving focus and memory retention in academic students","volume":"13","author":"Shriya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Indian Psych\u022flogy"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378843","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1378843","article-title":"Who stays? Who goes? Motivation and tendency to drop out in music schools","volume":"15","author":"Wieser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26803\/ijlter.24.4.1","article-title":"Exploring the impacts of academic self-efficacy on learning engagement and academic success among Chinese master\u2019s students","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Learn. Teach. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Assessing Educational Digital Transformation in the AI Era","author":"Zhen","year":"2026"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1985014\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:00:30Z","timestamp":1790748030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1985014\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1985014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1985014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-1078"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-1078","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1985014"}}