{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:36:04Z","timestamp":1790552164207,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518134400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T04:19:18Z","timestamp":1518149958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Trypophobia: What Do We Know So Far? A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Aguayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo C.","family":"Lanfranco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Arancibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"DSM-5 task force","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613484937","article-title":"Fear of holes","volume":"24","author":"Cole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600002638","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the children\u2019s depression inventory in community and clinical sample","volume":"13","author":"Figueras Masip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Span J Psychol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.52.6.955","article-title":"The children\u2019s depression inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties","volume":"52","author":"Saylor","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.055","article-title":"A systematic review of the factor structure and reliability of the Spence Children\u2019s Anxiety Scale","volume":"190","author":"Orgiles","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00236-0","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Spence Children\u2019s Anxiety Scale with young adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Spence","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-7","article-title":"The improved Clinical Global Impression Scale (iCGI): development and validation in depression","volume":"7","author":"Kadouri","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007414","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical global impression scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder","volume":"33","author":"Zaider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(86)90106-2","article-title":"What is visual discomfort?","volume":"9","author":"Wilkins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.4.989","article-title":"A neurological basis for visual discomfort","volume":"107","author":"Wilkins","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"3","article-title":"[The little girl who was afraid of holes]","volume":"18","author":"Rufo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soins Pediatr Pueric"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1068\/p5814","article-title":"Uncomfortable images in art and nature","volume":"37","author":"Fernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1013970","article-title":"Assessment of trypophobia and an analysis of its visual precipitation","volume":"68","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1942","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1942","article-title":"Fear of eyes: triadic relation among social anxiety, trypophobia, and discomfort for eye cluster","volume":"4","author":"Chaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.773881","article-title":"All eyes on me?! Social anxiety and self-directed perception of eye gaze","volume":"27","author":"Schulze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00872","article-title":"Gaze perception in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder","volume":"7","author":"Schulze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-3149-6","article-title":"Trypophobia is predicted by disgust sensitivity, empathic traits, and visual discomfort","volume":"5","author":"Imaizumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2016-2079","article-title":"Trypophobia: an investigation of clinical features","volume":"39","author":"Vlok-Barnard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294116687298","article-title":"Is trypophobia a phobia?","volume":"120","author":"Can","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2017.1345721","article-title":"Disgusting clusters: trypophobia as an overgeneralised disease avoidance response","volume":"31","author":"Kupfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0222-2","article-title":"Trypophobic discomfort is spatial-frequency dependent","volume":"13","author":"Sasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2953-6","article-title":"Involuntary protection against dermatosis: a preliminary observation on trypophobia","volume":"10","author":"Yamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.010","article-title":"Is conditioning a useful framework for understanding the development and treatment of phobias?","volume":"26","author":"Field","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804633","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety","volume":"359","author":"Walkup","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4186","article-title":"Naturalistic follow-up of youths treated for pediatric anxiety disorders","volume":"71","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105601202","article-title":"Anxiety: an evolutionary approach","volume":"56","author":"Bateson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1997)5:3<134::AID-DA5>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Mode of onset in evolutionary-relevant and evolutionary-neutral phobias: evidence from a clinical sample","volume":"5","author":"Menzies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-03354-1.50022-5","article-title":"Evolutionary aspects of anxiety disorders","volume":"5","author":"Price","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000351919","article-title":"The origin of anxiety disorders \u2013 an evolutionary approach","volume":"29","author":"Willers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00328","article-title":"Enhanced discriminative fear learning of phobia-irrelevant stimuli in spider-fearful individuals","volume":"8","author":"Mosig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.049","article-title":"Weaving the (neuronal) web: fear learning in spider phobia","volume":"54","author":"Schweckendiek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.11.003","article-title":"Associative learning in flying phobia","volume":"43","author":"Vriends","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2011.01299.x","article-title":"Efficacy of the trial-based thought record, a new cognitive therapy strategy designed to change core beliefs, in social phobia","volume":"37","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.3.433","article-title":"Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia","volume":"105","author":"Foa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-0863","article-title":"Changing core beliefs with trial-based cognitive therapy may improve quality of life in social phobia: a randomized study","volume":"35","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20791","article-title":"Vigilant and avoidant attention biases as predictors of response to cognitive behavioral therapy for social phobia","volume":"28","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180298","article-title":"The moderating role of avoidance behavior on anxiety over time: is there a difference between social anxiety disorder and specific phobia?","volume":"12","author":"Rudaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.09.007","article-title":"Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: a critical review","volume":"29","author":"Cisler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930802051599","article-title":"Attentional bias differences between fear and disgust: implications for the role of disgust in disgust-related anxiety disorders","volume":"23","author":"Cisler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00015\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T12:19:07Z","timestamp":1526386747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00015\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]]},"article-number":"15"}}