{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:00:27Z","timestamp":1790420427237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/01698 and PI16\/01953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/01698 and PI16\/01953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003751","name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad and Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["049\/2009 and 049\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["049\/2009 and 049\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002878","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Innovaci\u00f3n, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI0228-2013 and PI0823-2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI0228-2013 and PI0823-2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP14\/00173 and CP14\/00212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP14\/00173 and CP14\/00212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002878","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Innovaci\u00f3n, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002878","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T04:27:17Z","timestamp":1518496037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Higher Impulsivity As a Distinctive Trait of Severe Cocaine Addiction among Individuals Treated for Cocaine or Alcohol Use Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nuria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Marchena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ladr\u00f3n de Guevara-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pedraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Fernando","family":"Araos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jes\u00fas","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Castilla-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis J.","family":"Sant\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","article-title":"The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction","volume":"162","author":"Volkow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13056","article-title":"The drug situation in Europe: an overview of data available on illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances from European monitoring in 2015","volume":"111","author":"Mounteney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.100057","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and posttraumatic stress after exposure to terrorism: effects of proximity, loss, and psychiatric history","volume":"97","author":"Hasin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12030","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets","volume":"141","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02076.x","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in young cocaine users: induced versus independent disorders","volume":"103","author":"Herrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"187","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients","volume":"40","author":"Roncero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.013","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in illicit drug users: substance-induced versus independent disorders","volume":"113","author":"Torrens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.07.043","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in cocaine users treated in therapeutic community: substance-induced versus independent disorders","volume":"200","author":"Vergara-Moragues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.124","article-title":"[Psychopathological comorbidity in cocaine users in outpatient treatment]","volume":"26","author":"Araos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.045","article-title":"Illicit stimulant use in a United States heart failure population presenting to the emergency department (from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry Emergency Module)","volume":"102","author":"Diercks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.026","article-title":"Mortality among cocaine users: a systematic review of cohort studies","volume":"113","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01953.x","article-title":"Polydrug use in adolescent drinkers with and without DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence","volume":"20","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080500391803","article-title":"Multiple substance dependence and course of alcoholism among Alaska native men and women","volume":"41","author":"Malcolm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v13n04_06","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and simultaneous cocaine and alcohol use in cocaine-dependent patients","volume":"13","author":"Higgins","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2017.1342151","article-title":"Differences in the rates of drug polyconsumption and psychiatric comorbidity among patients with cocaine use disorders according to the mental health service","volume":"49","author":"Araos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199608000-00026","article-title":"Alcohol plus cocaine: the whole is more than the sum of its parts","volume":"18","author":"Jatlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161224","article-title":"Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects of cocaine and ethanol","volume":"5","author":"Farooq","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.015784","article-title":"Stability of early-phase primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance use and substance-induced psychosis","volume":"190","author":"Caton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12408","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of oleoylethanolamide and other acylethanolamides are altered in alcohol-dependent patients: effect of length of abstinence","volume":"22","author":"Garcia-Marchena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.728","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity and plasma levels of 2-acyl-glycerols in outpatient treatment alcohol users. Analysis of gender differences","volume":"29","author":"Garcia-Marchena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.16.3.225","article-title":"Relation of depression diagnoses to 2-year outcomes in cocaine-dependent patients in a randomized continuing care study","volume":"16","author":"McKay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.006","article-title":"Impulsivity in adult ADHD patients with and without cocaine dependence","volume":"129","author":"Crunelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-013-0001-y","article-title":"Addictions and personality traits: impulsivity and related constructs","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"123","article-title":"Computerized working-memory training as a candidate adjunctive treatment for addiction","volume":"36","author":"Bickel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4372-0","article-title":"The latent structure of impulsivity: impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits","volume":"233","author":"MacKillop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x","article-title":"Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes","volume":"14","author":"de Wit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","article-title":"Neurocircuitry of addiction","volume":"35","author":"Koob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12388","article-title":"Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions","volume":"1327","author":"Jentsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007","article-title":"The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders","volume":"28","author":"Dawe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00190.x","article-title":"Understanding the construct of impulsivity and its relationship to alcohol use disorders","volume":"15","author":"Dick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00017","article-title":"Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and plasma biomarkers for cocaine addiction in abstinent cocaine-addicted subjects in outpatient settings","volume":"6","author":"Pedraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-171081","article-title":"Neuropsychological subgroups in non-demented Parkinson\u2019s disease: a latent class analysis","volume":"7","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796017000142","article-title":"Taking an intersectional approach to define latent classes of socioeconomic status, ethnicity and migration status for psychiatric epidemiological research","volume":"9","author":"Goodwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044509","article-title":"The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage","volume":"19","author":"Reitan","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.9.1195","article-title":"Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM): reliability for substance abusers","volume":"153","author":"Hasin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1231","article-title":"Diagnosing comorbid psychiatric disorders in substance abusers: validity of the Spanish versions of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV","volume":"161","author":"Torrens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12107","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma-free endocannabinoids and their congeners in abstinent cocaine addicts seeking outpatient treatment: impact of psychiatric co-morbidity","volume":"18","author":"Pavon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"UPPS-P: Assessing Five Personality Pathways to Impulsive Behavior","author":"Lynam","year":"2006"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903382369","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale: reliability, validity and association with trait and cognitive impulsivity","volume":"92","author":"Verdejo-Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.11.3.210","article-title":"Understanding the role of impulsivity and externalizing psychopathology in alcohol abuse: application of the UPPS impulsive behavior scale","volume":"11","author":"Whiteside","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.008","article-title":"Comparison of impulsivity and working memory in cocaine addiction and pathological gambling: implications for cocaine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"126","author":"Albein-Urios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.012","article-title":"Trait impulsivity and prefrontal gray matter reductions in cocaine dependent individuals","volume":"125","author":"Moreno-Lopez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.06.002","article-title":"Clarifying the role of personality dispositions in risk for increased gambling behavior","volume":"45","author":"Cyders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.070","article-title":"Are the neural correlates of stopping and not going identical? Quantitative meta-analysis of two response inhibition tasks","volume":"56","author":"Swick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156954","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/156954","article-title":"Correlates and consequences of opioid misuse among high-risk young adults","volume":"2014","author":"Schrager","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Addict"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424jccp280307","article-title":"Further validation of social impairment as a predictor of substance use disorders: findings from a sample of siblings of boys with and without ADHD","volume":"28","author":"Greene","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Child Psychol"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"477","article-title":"Substance use and related problems: a study on the abuse of recreational and not recreational drugs in Northern Italy","volume":"42","author":"Pavarin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.41","article-title":"Sociodemographic and psychopathologic predictors of first incidence of DSM-IV substance use, mood and anxiety disorders: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"14","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000329725","article-title":"Diagnosing adult attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in patients with cocaine dependence: discriminant validity of Barkley executive dysfunction symptoms","volume":"17","author":"Vergara-Moragues","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12070","article-title":"Impaired emotional empathy and related social network deficits in cocaine users","volume":"19","author":"Preller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1","article-title":"Impaired functional connectivity within and between frontostriatal circuits and its association with compulsive drug use and trait impulsivity in cocaine addiction","volume":"72","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.022","article-title":"Personalizing substance use treatment based on pre-treatment impulsivity and sensation seeking: a review","volume":"167","author":"Tomko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014684","article-title":"Positive urgency predicts illegal drug use and risky sexual behavior","volume":"23","author":"Zapolski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012955","article-title":"Age differences in sensation seeking and impulsivity as indexed by behavior and self-report: evidence for a dual systems model","volume":"44","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02782.x","article-title":"Using sensation seeking to target adolescents for substance use interventions","volume":"105","author":"Sargent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00026\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,13]],"date-time":"2018-04-13T07:16:09Z","timestamp":1523603769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00026\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"article-number":"26"}}