{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:20:36Z","timestamp":1789392036509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542585600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T01:28:16Z","timestamp":1542590896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Epigenetics in Personality Disorders: Today's Insights"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Dorothee Maria","family":"Gescher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai G.","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hillemacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Frieling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Frodl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20357","article-title":"The social environment and the epigenome","volume":"49","author":"Szyf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2012.01793.x","article-title":"DNA methylation: a mechanism for embedding early life experiences in the genome","volume":"84","author":"Szyf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1276","article-title":"Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior","volume":"7","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.028","article-title":"Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene","volume":"65","author":"Roth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2436","article-title":"Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress","volume":"12","author":"Murgatroyd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2270","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse","volume":"12","author":"McGowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014739","article-title":"Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult rats","volume":"6","author":"McGowan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17266","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121260109","article-title":"Conserved epigenetic sensitivity to early life experience in the rat and human hippocampus","volume":"109","author":"Suderman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15626","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1470-12.2012","article-title":"The signature of maternal rearing in the methylome in rhesus macaque prefrontal cortex and T cells","volume":"32","author":"Proven\u00e7al","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","article-title":"Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions","volume":"16","author":"Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.07.030","article-title":"DNA-methylation gene network dysregulation in peripheral blood lymphocytes of schizophrenia patients","volume":"150","author":"Auta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(01)00141-0","article-title":"Histone acetylation by p300 is involved in CREB-mediated transcription on chromatin","volume":"1541","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130513","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0513","article-title":"The methylated-DNA binding protein MBD2 enhances NGFI-A (egr-1)-mediated transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"369","author":"Weaver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4164-06.2007","article-title":"The transcription factor nerve growth factor-inducible protein a mediates epigenetic programming: altering epigenetic marks by immediate-early genes","volume":"27","author":"Weaver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.037","article-title":"Brain-specific phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent Bdnf transcription, dendritic growth, and spine maturation","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086446","article-title":"Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2","volume":"302","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.95","article-title":"Environmental risk, oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) methylation and youth callous-unemotional traits: a 13-year longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Cecil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.04.007","article-title":"Gene environment interactions with a novel variable monoamine oxidase A transcriptional enhancer are associated with antisocial personality disorder","volume":"87","author":"Philibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.144964","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter methylation and transcriptional downregulation in an offender population with antisocial personality disorder","volume":"206","author":"Checknita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.140","article-title":"Response to psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder and methylation status of the BDNF gene","volume":"3","author":"Perroud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.06.011","article-title":"Association between methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, childhood maltreatment, and clinical severity in borderline personality disorder","volume":"57","author":"Mart\u00edn-Blanco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.60","article-title":"Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma","volume":"1","author":"Perroud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.10.003","article-title":"Methylation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene promoter in women with a bulimia-spectrum disorder: associations with borderline personality disorder and exposure to childhood abuse","volume":"48","author":"Groleau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22406","article-title":"Methylation of serotonin receptor 3A in ADHD, Borderline Personality, and bipolar disorders: link with severity of the disorders and childhood maltreatment","volume":"33","author":"Perroud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.12.18363","article-title":"Increased DNA methylation of neuropsychiatric genes occurs in borderline personality disorder","volume":"6","author":"Dammann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84180","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084180","article-title":"Aberrant methylation of gene associated CpG sites occurs in borderline personality disorder","volume":"8","author":"Teschler","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E67","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010067","article-title":"Aberrant DNA Methylation of rDNA and PRIMA1 in borderline personality Disorder","volume":"17","author":"Teschler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12197","article-title":"Borderline personality disorder and childhood maltreatment: a genome-wide methylation analysis","volume":"14","author":"Prados","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181fdd074","article-title":"Methylation at 5HTT mediates the impact of child sex abuse on women's antisocial behavior: an examination of the Iowa adoptee sample","volume":"73","author":"Beach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126903","article-title":"Serotonin 1B receptor gene (HTR1B) methylation as a risk factor for callous-unemotional traits in antisocial boys","volume":"10","author":"Moul","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000497","article-title":"Methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene and oxytocin blood levels in the development of psychopathy","volume":"26","author":"Dadds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30778","article-title":"MAOA methylation is associated with nicotine and alcohol dependence in women","author":"Philibert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12391","article-title":"Individual differences in childhood behavior disorders associated with epigenetic modulation of the cortisol receptor gene","volume":"86","author":"Dadds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/00050060500243475","article-title":"Normative data for the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in Australia","volume":"40","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e571","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.63","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications of the glucocorticoid receptor gene are associated with the vulnerability to psychopathology in childhood maltreatment","volume":"5","author":"Radtke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039501","article-title":"Peripheral SLC6A4 DNA methylation is associated with in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis and childhood physical aggression","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071691","article-title":"Differential DNA methylation regions in cytokine and transcription factor genomic loci associate with childhood physical aggression","volume":"8","author":"Proven\u00e7al","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089839","article-title":"Association of childhood chronic physical aggression with a DNA methylation signature in adult human T cells","volume":"9","author":"Proven\u00e7al","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086822","article-title":"DNA methylation signature of childhood chronic physical aggression in T cells of both men and women","volume":"9","author":"Guillemin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2015.74","article-title":"Epigenome-wide association study of aggressive behavior","volume":"18","author":"Van","year":"2015","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14030382","article-title":"Association of protein phosphatase PPM1G with alcohol use disorder and brain activity during behavioral control in a genome-wide methylation analysis","volume":"172","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00393.x","article-title":"Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-years-olds","volume":"46","author":"Viding","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140180","article-title":"DNA methylation of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is associated with brain function involved in processing emotional stimuli","volume":"40","author":"Frodl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05918","article-title":"Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development","volume":"447","author":"Reik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3142","article-title":"Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications","volume":"13","author":"Feil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.21","article-title":"Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"1","author":"Radtke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63812","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063812","article-title":"Tobacco smoking leads to extensive genome-wide changes in DNA methylation","volume":"8","author":"Zeilinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.07.074","article-title":"Diet and the epigenetic (re)programming of phenotypic differences in behavior","volume":"1237","author":"McGowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.029","article-title":"Reply to: epstein-barr virus transformed DNA as a source of false positive findings in methylation studies of psychiatric conditions","volume":"70","author":"Philibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571400039X","article-title":"Serotonin transporter gene hypomethylation predicts impaired antidepressant treatment response","volume":"17","author":"Domschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2009.12","article-title":"Genetic predictors of response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project","volume":"9","author":"Uher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.12.010","article-title":"DNA methylation of APBA3 and MCF2 in borderline personality disorder: potential biomarkers for response to psychotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Knoblich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.032","article-title":"Folate and unipolar depression","volume":"14","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900003473","article-title":"The role of L-methylfolate in depressive disorders","volume":"14","author":"Farah","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00153-1","article-title":"Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Coppen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91942-4","article-title":"Enhancement of recovery from psychiatric illness by methylfolate","volume":"336","author":"Godfrey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2016-0106","article-title":"Understanding epigenetics of schizophrenia in the backdrop of its antipsychotic drug therapy","volume":"9","author":"Swathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20120674","article-title":"Antidepressants inhibit DNA methyltransferase 1 through reducing G9a levels","volume":"448","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134540","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of depression and antidepressants action","volume":"53","author":"Vialou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00118","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers as predictors and correlates of symptom improvement following psychotherapy in combat veterans with PTSD","volume":"4","author":"Yehuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00579\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T01:28:18Z","timestamp":1542590898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00579\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]]},"article-number":"579"}}