{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T10:44:58Z","timestamp":1758969898867,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T15:38:23Z","timestamp":1567784303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Testing a Neuro-Evolutionary Theory of Social Bonds and Addiction: Methadone Associated With Lower Attachment Anxiety, Comfort With Closeness, and Proximity Maintenance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00430","article-title":"State-dependent \u03bc-opioid modulation of social motivation","volume":"8","author":"Loseth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1163\/000579511X596624","article-title":"The brain opioid theory of social attachment: a review of the evidence","volume":"148","author":"Machin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.96","article-title":"Response of the \u03bc-opioid system to social rejection and acceptance","volume":"18","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatr"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"The biology of social attachments: opiates alleviate separation distress","volume":"13","author":"Panksepp","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.2.224","article-title":"Why does separation distress hurt? Comment on MacDonald and Leary (2005)","volume":"131","author":"Panksepp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Physiological substrates of mammalian monogamy: the prairie vole model","volume":"16","author":"Carter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00146-X","article-title":"Neuropeptides and the evolution of social behavior","volume":"10","author":"Insel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"volume-title":"Chemistry of love","year":"1983","author":"Liebowitz","key":"B8"},{"volume-title":"Affective neuroscience","year":"1999","author":"Panksepp","key":"B9"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00025.x","article-title":"The role of brain emotional systems in addictions: a neuro-evolutionary perspective and new \u201cself-report\u201d animal model","volume":"97","author":"Panksepp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"85","article-title":"The role of emotional systems in addiction: a neuroethological perspective","volume":"50","author":"Panksepp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nebr Symp Motiv"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(81)90211-2","article-title":"Effect of early and later colony housing on oral ingestion of morphine in rats","volume":"15","author":"Alexander","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90490-5","article-title":"Influence of housing conditions on the acquisition of intravenous heroin and cocaine self-administration in rats","volume":"33","author":"Bozarth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(80)90036-6","article-title":"Endogenous opioids and social behavior","volume":"4","author":"Panksepp","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089134","article-title":"Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion","volume":"302","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(80)90036-6","article-title":"Endogenous opioids and social behavior","volume":"4","author":"Panksepp","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000063","article-title":"A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding: implications for conceptualizing a human trait of affiliation","volume":"28","author":"Depue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.07.015","article-title":"Why social attachment and oxytocin protect against addiction and stress: insights from the dynamics between ventral and dorsal corticostriatal systems","volume":"119","author":"Tops","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(97)00052-3","article-title":"Brain substrates of infant\u2013mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin and norepinephrine","volume":"22","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773404","article-title":"Commentary on \u201cUnderstanding Addictive Vulnerability\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Panksepp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuro-Psychoanal"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03321.2002","article-title":"Neural systems underlying opiate addiction","volume":"22","author":"De Vries","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"volume-title":"Attachment and loss: attachment","year":"1969","author":"Bowlby","key":"B22"},{"volume-title":"Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home","year":"1978","author":"Ainsworth","key":"B23"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.89.5.817","article-title":"Attachment, caregiving, and altruism: boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping","volume":"89","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.58.4.644","article-title":"Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples","volume":"58","author":"Collins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships","volume-title":"Attachment processes in adulthood: Vol.5 Advances in personal relationships","author":"Kunce","year":"1994"},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"TorresN\n          Colchester, UKCentre for Psychoanalytic Studies: University of EssexDisorders of Emotional Containment and their Somatic Correlates. The Protomental Nature of Addictions, Self-harm and Noncommunicable Diseases. PhD Thesis2008"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"57","article-title":"Experi\u00eancias traum\u00e1ticas e estilos de vincula\u00e7\u00e3o adulta a parceiros de intimidade em toxicodependentes e estudantes","volume":"10","author":"Torres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicodepend\u00eancias"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000141","article-title":"A meta-analysis of longitudinal associations between substance use and interpersonal attachment security","volume":"144","author":"Fairbairn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030080","article-title":"Determining effective methadone doses for individual opioid-dependent patients","volume":"3","author":"Trafton","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr2603_7","article-title":"How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1991","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1","volume-title":"Regression modeling strategies","author":"Harrell","year":"2001"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17575\/rpsicol.v20i1.381","article-title":"A Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Vincula\u00e7\u00e3o do Adulto: uma revis\u00e3o cr\u00edtica a prop\u00f3sito da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da Adult Attachment Scale-R (AAS-R) na popula\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa","volume":"20","author":"Canavarro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psicologia"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"3","article-title":"Vincula\u00e7\u00e3o e Sistema de Presta\u00e7\u00e3o de cuidados em dependentes de subst\u00e2ncias em tratamento. Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa do Question\u00e1rio de Presta\u00e7\u00e3o de Cuidados","volume":"16","author":"Torres","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicodepend\u00eancias"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193163","article-title":"Applying the bootstrap to the multivariate case: bootstrap component\/factor analysis","volume":"39","author":"Zientek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"NIH Consensus Statement, 17\u201319 November. Effective Medical Treatment of Opiate Addiction","year":"1997","key":"B36"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(78)90167-3","article-title":"Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: evidence for opiate mediation of social affect","volume":"9","author":"Herman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00375-4","article-title":"Opiate disruption of maternal behavior: morphine reduces, and naloxone restores, cfos activity in the medial preoptic area of lactating rats","volume":"45","author":"Stafisso-Sandoz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125762","article-title":"Opioid receptor subtype involvement in maternal behavior in lactating rats","volume":"53","author":"Mann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51914.x","article-title":"Brain systems for the mediation of social separation-distress and social-reward: evolutionary antecedents and neuropeptide intermediaries","volume":"807","author":"Panksepp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B41","article-title":"Fibromyalgia, autism, and opioid addiction as natural and induced disorders of the endogenous opioid hormonal system","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.112.1.64","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention","volume":"112","author":"Hawkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0079-2","article-title":"Understanding addiction as a developmental disorder: an argument for a developmentally informed multilevel approach","volume":"2","author":"McCrory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"17","article-title":"What do self-report attachment measures assess","volume-title":"Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications","author":"Shaver","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00602\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T15:38:29Z","timestamp":1567784309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00602\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00602","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-0640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"article-number":"602"}}