{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:05:38Z","timestamp":1791068738617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T12:57:54Z","timestamp":1574254674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Bridge Between Classical and \u201cSynthetic\u201d\/Chemical Psychoses: Towards a Clinical, Psychopathological, and Therapeutic Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duccio","family":"Papanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"De Berardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Schifano","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2566","article-title":"From concept(ion) to life after death\/the grave: the 'natural' history and life cycle(s) of novel psychoactive substances (NPS)","volume":"32","author":"Corkery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"201910.2810\/1913702019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2164","article-title":"Use of novel psychoactive substances and induced psychiatric symptoms: Outcomes from the Eivissa Project. 25th European Congress of Psychiatry","volume":"41","author":"Martinotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00240","article-title":"The \"Endless Trip\" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder","volume":"208","author":"Orsolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"A Syst Rev Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_15","article-title":"NPS: Medical Consequences Associated with Their Intake","volume":"32","author":"Schifano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2312","article-title":"\u201cSpiceophrenia\u201d: a systematic overview of \u201cspice\u201d-related psychopathological issues and a case report","volume":"28","author":"Papanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20554","article-title":"Changes in hippocampal morphology and neuroplasticity induced by adolescent THC treatment are associated with cognitive impairment in adulthood","volume":"19","author":"Rubino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.14","article-title":"CB1 cannabinoid receptor stimulation during adolescence impairs the maturation of GABA function in the adult rat prefrontal cortex","volume":"19","author":"Cass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13030335","article-title":"Repeated \u03b49-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure in adolescent monkeys: persistent effects selective for spatial working memory","volume":"171","author":"Verrico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy003","article-title":"Adolescent synthetic cannabinoid exposure produces enduring changes in dopamine neuron activity in a rodent model of schizophrenia susceptibility","volume":"121","author":"Aguilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012","article-title":"Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones","volume":"25","author":"Rickli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.002","article-title":"3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online","volume":"208","author":"Coppola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0193-z","article-title":"The toxicology of bath salts: a review of synthetic cathinones","volume":"8","author":"Prosser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2010.504200","article-title":"'Bundle of fun' or 'bunch of problems'? Case series of khat-related deaths in the UK. Drugs","volume":"18","author":"Corkery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ Prev Polic"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Mephedrone-related fatalities in the United Kingdom: contextual, clinical and practical issues","author":"Corkery","year":"2012"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2423","article-title":"Deaths of individuals aged 16-24 years in the UK after using mephedrone","volume":"30","author":"Loi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2016.1167597","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances: the pharmacology of stimulants and hallucinogens","volume":"9","author":"Schifano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00249-z","article-title":"New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), psychedelic experiences and dissociation: clinical and clinical pharmacological issue","volume":"6","author":"Schifano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000171","article-title":"The impact of amphetamine-type stimulants on emergency services","volume":"28","author":"Fulde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6832","article-title":"Analysis of amphetamine-type substances and piperazine analogues using desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry","volume":"1528","author":"Stojanovska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2591","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) use in severe mental illness (SMI) patients: potential changes in the phenomenology of psychiatric diseases","volume":"32","author":"Bersani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00162","article-title":"Synthetic and non-synthetic cannabinoid drugs and their adverse effects-a review from public health prospective","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.02.010","article-title":"New and emerging Illicit psychoactive substances","volume":"102","author":"Graddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009430","article-title":"Use of novel psychoactive substances by inpatients on general adult psychiatric wards","volume":"106","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1002-7","article-title":"Psychosis associated with acute recreational drug toxicity: a European case series","volume":"1816","author":"Vallersnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0369-x","article-title":"Presentations to an urban emergency department in Bern, Switzerland associated with acute recreational drug toxicity","volume":"725","author":"Liakoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH-018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals","volume-title":"Addiction","author":"Every-Palmer","year":"2010"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.12.001","article-title":"The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes","volume":"118","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.07.020","article-title":"Bad Mojo: use of the new marijuana substitute leads to more and more ED visits for acute psychosis","volume":"29","author":"Rodgman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.04.003","article-title":"Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine","volume":"200","author":"Sobolevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416","article-title":"A teenager with agitation: higher than she should have climbed","volume":"26","author":"Vearrier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.01.004","article-title":"Psychiatric Sequelae of Spice, K2, and Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists","volume":"52","author":"Benford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.08.002","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid use: a case series of adolescents","volume":"49","author":"Castellanos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study","volume-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend","author":"Every-Palmer","year":"2011"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2011.609807","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers","volume":"30","author":"Forrester","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010176","article-title":"Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series","volume":"168","author":"Hurst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-10-00356","article-title":"Spice: a legal marijuana equivalent","volume":"176","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.06.114","article-title":"New synthetic cannabinoids intoxications in Italy: clinical identification and analytical confirmation of cases","volume":"41","author":"Locatelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"JEM"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"519","article-title":"Adverse effects and confirmatory testing of JWH-018 and JWH-073 following synthetic cannabinoid use","volume":"49","author":"McCain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila.)."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.584316","article-title":"Three cases of \"spice\" exposure","volume":"49","author":"Simmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.05.013","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity associated with the synthetic cannabinoid, K9, with laboratory confirmation","volume":"30","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20120703-04","article-title":"Risky recreation: synthetic cannabinoids have dangerous effects","volume":"50","author":"McGuinness","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv."},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: A potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong","volume":"22","author":"Tung","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.04.022","article-title":"Persistent psychosis following the use of Spice","volume":"130","author":"Van Der Veer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2011.637610","article-title":"Spice: a new \"legal\" herbal mixture abused by young active duty military personnel","volume":"33","author":"Bebarta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1797","article-title":"Clinical presentation of intoxication due to synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.03.007","article-title":"A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010","volume":"60","author":"Hoyte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2012.0004","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis: two adolescent cases","volume":"22","author":"Oluwabusi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00222.x","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid induced psychosis in a previously nonpsychotic patient","volume":"21","author":"Peglow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.011","article-title":"A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids)","volume":"120","author":"Vandrey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00519.x","article-title":"Patterns of synthetic cannabinoid use in Australia","volume":"32","author":"Barratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2012.677754","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid overdose in a 20-year-old male US soldier","volume":"34","author":"Berry-Cab\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0306-y","article-title":"Acute psychosis associated with recreational use of benzofuran 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and cannabis","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04078.x","article-title":"Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"108","author":"Hermanns-Clausen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"18","article-title":"Hospitalisation associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2","volume-title":"N Z Med J","author":"Glue","year":"2013"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e318290fa36","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for catatonia in a patient with schizophrenia and synthetic cannabinoid abuse: a case report","volume":"29","author":"Leibu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J ECT."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2014270407","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and laboratory test results of patients admitted to outpatient clinic for synthetic cannabinoid usage","volume":"27","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dusunen Adam."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2014.929364","article-title":"Use of synthetic cannabinoids in patients with psychotic disorders: Case series","volume":"10","author":"Celofiga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2014.77.2.206","article-title":"Could spice drugs induce psychosis with abnormal movements similar to catatonia","volume":"77","author":"Haro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20140401-62","article-title":"Smoking synthetic marijuana leads to self-mutilation requiring bilateral amputations","volume":"37","author":"Meijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"38","article-title":"Synthetic marijuana use and development of catatonia in a 17-year-old male","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minn Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.DUDE.031513","article-title":"Psychosis and severe rhabdomyolysis associated with synthetic cannabinoid use: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Durand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.038","article-title":"A common source outbreak of severe delirium associated with exposure to the novel synthetic cannabinoid ADB-PINACA","volume":"48","author":"Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310930","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/310930","article-title":"Synthetic cannabis-induced mania","volume":"2015","author":"Ustundag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist-Associated Psychotic Disorder: A Case Report","volume":"27","author":"S\u00f6nmez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0505","article-title":"Treatment of refractory substance-induced psychosis in adolescent males with a genetic predisposition to mental illness","volume":"26","author":"Rahmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1100306","article-title":"An outbreak of acute delirium from exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA gas-phase metal oxide reactions view project simulation education view project","volume":"53","author":"Tyndall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S107622","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis in relation to schizophrenia: a single-center cross-sectional analysis of concurrently hospitalized patients","volume":"212","author":"Altintas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12318","article-title":"Catatonia secondary to synthetic cannabinoid use in two patients with no previous psychosis","volume":"25","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1936","article-title":"Adverse effects after the use of JWH-210 - a case series from the EU Spice II plus project","volume":"8","author":"Hermanns-Clausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116658990","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity associated with synthetic cannabinoid use compared to cannabis","volume":"30","author":"Bassir Nia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7257489","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7257489","article-title":"First-Episode of Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychosis in a Young Adult, Successfully Managed with Hospitalization and Risperidone","volume":"2016","author":"Roberto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3640549","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3640549","article-title":"Synthetic cannabis overdose and withdrawal in a young adult: a case report, commentary on regulation, and review of the literature","volume":"2016","author":"Samaan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2016290410","article-title":"Capgras syndrome after use of synthetic cannabinoids: an adolescent case","volume":"29","author":"Ozer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dusunen. Adam."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m09938","article-title":"Characteristics of synthetic cannabinoid and cannabis users admitted to a psychiatric hospital: a comparative study","volume":"77","author":"Shalit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2016.1171329","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of toxicity following recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: a report from the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service","volume":"54","author":"Waugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.08.015","article-title":"Abnormal white matter integrity in synthetic cannabinoid users","volume-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.","author":"Zorlu","year":"2016"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X17745206","article-title":"A spicy status: synthetic cannabinoid (spice) use and new-onset refractory status epilepticus-A case report and review of the literature","volume-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep","author":"Babi","year":"2017"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1263663","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in a Large Urban Psychiatric Emergency Setting","volume":"1252","author":"Manseau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-017-0605-9","article-title":"ACMT Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC). Characteristics and Treatment of Patients with Clinical Illness Due to Synthetic Cannabinoid Inhalation Reported by Medical Toxicologists: A ToxIC Database Study","volume":"13","author":"Monte","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0138-1","article-title":"Assessing the experience of using synthetic cannabinoids by means of interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"1014","author":"Kassai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.11.007","article-title":"New psychoactive substances (NPS) on cryptomarket fora: An exploratory study of characteristics of forum activity between NPS buyers and vendors","volume":"40","author":"Van Hout","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479554","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid use in a psychiatric patient population: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Welter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E133","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8070133","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid use in a case series of patients with psychosis presenting to acute psychiatric settings","volume":"8","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Presentation Manage Issues. Brain Sci"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2017.07.156","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms and synthetic cannabinoid use: Information for clinicians","volume":"267","author":"Sweet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2019.1627635","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychotic disorders: a single-center analysis of hospitalized patients","volume":"4","author":"Skryabin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.04.010","article-title":"Paranoid psychosis induced by consumption of methylenedioxypyrovalerone: two cases","volume":"33","author":"Antonowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.592838","article-title":"Sympathomimetic toxicity in a case of analytically confirmed recreational use of naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone)","volume":"49","author":"Derungs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.05.014","article-title":"Hallucinatory delirium following use of MDPVbath Salts","volume":"33","author":"Penders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.001","article-title":"Acute psychotic sequelae ofbath salts","volume":"133","author":"Striebel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.012","article-title":"Recurrent acute kidney injury following bath salts intoxication","volume":"59","author":"Adebamiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.643999","article-title":"\"Bath salt\" ingestion leading to severe intoxication delirium: two cases and a brief review of the emergence of mephedrone use","volume":"38","author":"Kasick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00286.x","article-title":"Bath salts: a new drug epidemic \u2013 a case report","volume":"21","author":"Lajoie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.744996","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of multiple designer drugs in serum, urine, and CSF in a patient with prolonged psychosis","volume":"50","author":"Thornton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31829084d5","article-title":"Intranasal substituted cathinone \u201cbath salts\u201d psychosis potentially exacerbated by diphenhydramine","volume":"7","author":"Gunderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01417","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.12l01417","article-title":"\"Bath salts\"-induced psychosis in a young woman","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"B98","article-title":"Bath salts-induced psychosis: a case report","volume":"10","author":"Mangewala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12038","article-title":"Acute psychosis induced by bath salts: a case report with clinical and forensic implications","volume":"58","author":"Stoica","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.02.003","article-title":"Are \u201cbath salts\u201d the next generation of stimulant abuse","volume":"44","author":"Winder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.08.002","article-title":"A mixed MDPV and benzodiazepine intoxication in a chronic drug abuser: determination of MDPV metabolites by LC-HRMS and discussion of the case","volume":"243","author":"Bertol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2014.04.007","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substance intoxication resulting in attempted murder","volume":"25","author":"Stevenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460849","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3460849","article-title":"Flakka-Induced Prolonged Psychosis","volume":"2016","author":"Crespi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8379562","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8379562","article-title":"Severe psychosis, drug dependence, and hepatitis C related to slamming mephedrone","volume":"2016","author":"Dolengevich-Segal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1301463","article-title":"Synthetic cathinones in Southern Germany - characteristics of users, substance-patterns, co-ingestions, and complications","volume":"55","author":"Romanek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000407","article-title":"\u03b1-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (\u201cFlakka\u201d) Catalyzing Catatonia: a case report and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Richman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2018.1447172","article-title":"\u201cMarvin, the Paranoid Android\u201d: the case of an Alpha-PVP user in the expanding galaxy of NPS","volume":"50","author":"Simonato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408317009","article-title":"Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior","volume":"14","author":"Cools","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III\u2014the final common pathway","volume":"35","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.012","article-title":"Psychosis and synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"268","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/03602532.2018.1428343","article-title":"Pro-psychotic effects of synthetic cannabinoids: interactions with central dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate systems","volume":"50","author":"Fantegrossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"B112","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances and induced phenomena in psychopathology: the lysergic psychoma","volume":"21","author":"Martinotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopathology."},{"key":"B113","first-page":"93","article-title":"La depersonalizzazione","volume-title":"Psicologia e clinica.","author":"Callieri","year":"1968"},{"key":"B114","article-title":"Psychopathology of addictions","volume":"20","author":"Di Petta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopathol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3223-14.2014","article-title":"Baths salts, spice, and related designer drugs: the science behind the headlines","volume":"34","author":"Baumann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w14043","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14043","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs): overview and pharmacology of modulators of monoamine signaling","volume":"145","author":"Liechti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00156","article-title":"Synthetic cathinone and cannabinoid designer drugs pose a major risk for public health","volume":"8","author":"Weinstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.6","article-title":"Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults","volume":"67","author":"McGrath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.011","article-title":"Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample","volume":"131","author":"Winstock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114565142","article-title":"The adverse health effects of synthetic cannabinoids with emphasis on psychosis-like effects","volume":"29","author":"Van Amsterdam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.05.001","article-title":"Spicing Up Pharmacology: A Review of Synthetic Cannabinoids From Structure to Adverse Events","volume":"80","author":"Davidson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.02.001","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids-further evidence supporting the relationship between cannabinoids and psychosis","volume":"79","author":"Fattore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119826592","article-title":"What are the psychological effects of using synthetic cannabinoids? A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B124","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids-\"spice\" can induce a psychosis: a brief review","volume":"16","author":"Yeruva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2019.03.093","article-title":"Review of the many faces of synthetic cannabinoid toxicities","volume":"19","author":"Alipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications","volume":"144","author":"Castaneto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015716","article-title":"Characteristics of NPS use in patients admitted to acute psychiatric services in Southeast Scotland: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis following public health interventions","volume":"7","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2012.697447","article-title":"Bath salt use: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"McClean","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dual Diagnosis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00851\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T13:10:41Z","timestamp":1575033041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00851\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00851","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"article-number":"851"}}