{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T21:49:23Z","timestamp":1782596963928,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T04:38:45Z","timestamp":1576557525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Few Differences in the Externalizing and Criminal History of Young Violent Offenders With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Hofvander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"T\u00e4rnh\u00e4ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e4rta","family":"Wallinius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Billstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118650868.ch11","article-title":"Offenders with autism spectrum disorder","volume-title":"The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience","author":"Hofvander","year":"2018"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203426913-18","article-title":"Legal issues","volume-title":"Autism and Asperger syndrome: Preparing for adulthood","author":"Howlin","year":"2004"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1817","article-title":"Risk factors for violent offending in autism spectrum disorder. a national study of hospitalized individuals","volume":"24","author":"L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118650868.ch11","article-title":"Autism and convictions for violent crimes: population-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"56","author":"Heeramun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511490057","volume-title":"Sex Differences in Antisocial Behavior: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study","author":"Moffitt","year":"2001"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508322195","article-title":"Autistic-like traits and their association with mental health problems in two nationwide twin cohorts of children and adults","volume":"41","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e359","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940903174170","article-title":"Oppositional defiant- and conduct disorder-like problems: neurodevelopmental predictors and genetic background in boys and girls, in a nationwide twin study","volume":"2","author":"Kerekes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361301005001006","article-title":"Autistic symptoms in childhood arrestees: longitudinal association with delinquent behavior","volume":"53","author":"Geluk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.537","article-title":"Social communication deficits in disruptive primary-school children","volume":"196","author":"Donno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-112","article-title":"Social communication deficits in conduct disorder: a clinical and community survey","volume":"45","author":"Gilmour","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.01.007","article-title":"High rates of psychiatric co-morbidity in PDD-NOS","volume":"37","author":"de Bruin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-756","article-title":"Family psychosocial characteristics influencing criminal behavior and mortality\u2014Possible mediating factors: A longitudinal study of male and female subjects in the Stockholm Birth Cohort","volume":"11","author":"af Klinteberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-013-9286-8","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey","volume":"7","author":"Schilling","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.780259","article-title":"Is it possible to assess the impact of abuse on children with pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"25","author":"Howlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors in serial killers and mass murderers","volume":"19","author":"Allely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0783-y","article-title":"The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"66","author":"Elbogen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770","article-title":"Depression and violence: A Swedish population study","volume":"2","author":"Fazel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.01354.x","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and violent reoffending: a national cohort study of convicted prisoners in Sweden","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00128-X","article-title":"The 1% of the population accountable for 63% of all violent crime convictions","volume":"49","author":"Falk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137475","article-title":"Violent crime in Asperger syndrome: the role of psychiatric comorbidity","volume":"38","author":"Newman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/SART.S39921","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring sub- stance use disorder \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Arnevik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2914-2","article-title":"Increased risk for substance use-related problems in autism spectrum disorders: a population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Butwicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.05.008","article-title":"Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Hofvander","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00723.x","article-title":"An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger\u2019s syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000097","article-title":"Violence and Asperger\u2019s syndrome: A case study","volume":"147","author":"Mawson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2002.10471161","article-title":"Asperger\u2019s syndrome in forensic settings","volume":"1","author":"Murrie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00023","article-title":"Asperger\u2019s syndrome: A clinical account","volume":"11","author":"Wing","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00119-4","article-title":"Asperger\u2019s disorder: A case report of repeated stealing and the collecting behaviours of an adolescent patient","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiat Scand"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008853","article-title":"Pervasive developmental disorders, psychiatric comorbidities, and the law","volume":"48","author":"Palermo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770.005","article-title":"Asperger syndrome in adulthood","volume-title":"Autism and Asperger syndrome","author":"Tantam","year":"1991"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11195-013-9286-8","article-title":"Sexual abuse and offending in autism spectrum disordes","volume":"31","author":"Sevlever","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Disabil"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000202","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder symptoms in juvenile suspects of sex offenses","volume":"70","author":"\u2018t Hart-Kerkhoffs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2002.10471161","article-title":"Pervasive developmental disorders and criminal behavior. a case control study","volume":"52","author":"Mouridsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.04.003","article-title":"Risk and dynamics of violence in Asperger\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Bj\u00f6rkly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X07302056","article-title":"Current status of research on autism spectrum disorders and offending","volume":"6","author":"Mouridsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.03.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: overlap and background characteristics","volume":"252","author":"Billstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-35","article-title":"Mental health among young adults in prison: the importance of childhood onset conduct disorder","volume":"3","author":"Hofvander","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700053332","article-title":"Offenders in emerging adulthood: School maladjustment, childhood adversities and prediction of aggressive antisocial behaviors","volume":"40","author":"Wallinius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)","year":"2000"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00289.x","article-title":"The Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview (ASDI): a preliminary study of a new structured clinical interview","volume":"5","author":"Gillberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.3.262","article-title":"Psychiatric telephone interview with parents for screening of childhood autism \u2013 tics, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other comorbidities (A-TAC): Preliminary reliability and validity","volume":"187","author":"Hansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Psych"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940600589464","article-title":"The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders: background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use","volume":"43","author":"Wing","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000377","article-title":"The autism diagnostic observation schedule\u2014generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism","volume":"30","author":"Lord","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.030","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnosis: are clinicians still necessary","volume":"24","author":"Spitzer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Brottsbalk","year":"1962"},{"key":"B46","volume-title":"Narkotikastrafflagen","year":"1968"},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"Lag om straff f\u00f6r vissa trafikbrott","year":"1951"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"Kriminalstatistik 2017","year":"2018"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"PCL-R manual","author":"Hare","year":"2003"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(83)90032-9","article-title":"Juvenile and young adult mentally disordered offenders: the role of child neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"29","author":"Siponmaa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770.005","article-title":"The childhood-onset neuropsychiatric background to adulthood psychopathic traits and personality disorders","volume":"46","author":"S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A.1005592401947","article-title":"Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorder in juvenile court cases in Japan","volume":"20","author":"Kumagami","year":"2009","journal-title":"J For Psychiatr Psychol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.3.262","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder","volume":"10","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.036","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders in prison inmates: comorbidity and combined associations with psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disturbance","volume":"261","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.359","article-title":"The risk factors for criminal behavior in high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs): a comparison of childhood adversities between individuals with HFASDs who exhibit criminal behavior and those with HFASD and no criminal histories","volume":"6","author":"Kawakami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.061341","article-title":"Violent behavior in autism spectrum disorders: who\u2019s at risk","volume":"39","author":"Del Pozzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.036","article-title":"High functioning autistic spectrum disorders, offending and other law-breaking: findings from a community sample","volume":"17","author":"Woodbury-Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Forens Psychiatry Psychol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20161817","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.147.5.566","article-title":"Maltreatment risk among children with disabilities","volume":"139","author":"Maclean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511490057","article-title":"Child maltreatment in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: Results from a population-based sample","volume":"60","author":"McDonnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137475","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X03257713","article-title":"Childhood Symptoms of ADHD Overrule comorbidity in relation to psychosocial outcome at age 15: a longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Nore\u00b4n Selinus","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3294-y","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis and treat- ment among children with autism who experience adversity","volume":"48","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12993","article-title":"Age at first autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: The role of birth cohort, demographic factors, and clinical features","volume":"35","author":"Mazurek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770","volume-title":"Autism and asperger syndrome","author":"Frith","year":"1991"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-30","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy: shared cognitive underpinnings or double hit","volume":"36","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.780259","article-title":"Psychopathic traits in a representative sample of Finnish male prisoners","volume":"68","author":"Ju\u0308riloo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.159863","article-title":"Callous\u2013unemotional traits in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"207","author":"Carter Leno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Psych"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00911\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:28:27Z","timestamp":1613147307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00911\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"article-number":"911"}}