{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:31:06Z","timestamp":1787873466516,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T05:23:54Z","timestamp":1589347434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Identifying Direct Coercion in a High Risk Subgroup of Offender Patients With Schizophrenia via Machine Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Moritz Philipp","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kirchebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00410","article-title":"Perceived institutional restraint is associated with psychological distress in forensic psychiatric inpatients","volume":"10","author":"Franke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2012.740649","article-title":"Coercive measures in forensic settings: Findings from the literature","volume":"12","author":"Hui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26748-7_9","article-title":"The Uses of Coercive Measures in Forensic Psychiatry: A Literature Review","volume-title":"The Use of Coercive Measures in Forensic Psychiatric Care","author":"Hui","year":""},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Learning from each other: Success stories and ideas for reducing restraint\/seclusion in behavioural health. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Nurses Association, National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems & American Hospital Association Section for Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Services","year":"2003"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0336","article-title":"Measures to avoid coercion in psychiatry and their efficacy","volume":"116","author":"Hirsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt Int"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Violence and coercion in mental health settings: Eliminating the use of seclusion and restraint","year":"2002"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Violence: The short-term management of disturbed\/violent behaviour in in-patient psychiatric settings and emergency departments.","year":"2005"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Seclusion practice in a Canadian forensic psychiatric hospital","volume":"29","author":"Ahmed","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2009.09.003","article-title":"The practice of seclusion and time-out on English acute psychiatric wards: The City-128 Study","volume":"24","author":"Bowers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2011.04.001","article-title":"Exploring patterns of seclusion use in Australian mental health services","volume":"25","author":"Happell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"55","article-title":"Secluding patients in forensic care","volume":"85","author":"Lehane","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2009.10.006","article-title":"Seasonal variation of seclusion incidents from violent and suicidal acts in forensic psychiatric patients","volume":"33","author":"Paavola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmmsl.48.4.288","article-title":"Use of seclusion in an English high security hospital","volume":"48","author":"Pannu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2008.00567.x","article-title":"Factors associated with seclusion in a statewide forensic psychiatric service in Australia over a 2-year period","volume":"18","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13061","article-title":"Predicting Mechanical Restraint of Psychiatric Inpatients by Applying Machine Learning on Electronic Health Data","volume":"140","author":"Danielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.024","article-title":"Characteristics of patients frequently subjected to pharmacological and mechanical restraint\u2014a register study in three Norwegian acute psychiatric wards","volume":"215","author":"Knutzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.62.5.pss6205_0492","article-title":"Characteristics of psychiatric inpatients who experienced restraint and those who did not: a case-control study","volume":"62","author":"Knutzen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.005","article-title":"Factors associated with the use of physical restraints for agitated patients in psychiatric emergency rooms","volume":"30","author":"Migon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01422.x","article-title":"Use of restraint in a general hospital psychiatric unit in Japan","volume":"59","author":"Odawara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12049","article-title":"Frequency of physical restraint and its associations with demographic and clinical characteristics in a Chinese psychiatric institution","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.2.202","article-title":"Involuntary treatment in medicine and psychiatry","volume":"141","author":"Appelbaum","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.07.002","article-title":"Involuntary medication in psychiatric inpatient treatment","volume":"18","author":"Kaltiala-Heino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2011.632645","article-title":"Coercion within Danish psychiatry compared with 10 other European countries","volume":"66","author":"Bak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nordic J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.9.1027","article-title":"Trajectories of seclusion and restraint use at a state psychiatric hospital","volume":"59","author":"Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2010.01679.x","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of seclusion with or without restraint in a Canadian psychiatric hospital: a 2-year retrospective audit","volume":"18","author":"Dumais","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00153","article-title":"Involuntary medication, seclusion, and restraint in German psychiatric hospitals after the adoption of legislation in 2013","volume":"6","author":"Flammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901309010110","article-title":"Who is subjected to coercive measures as a psychiatric inpatient? A multi-level analysis","volume":"9","author":"Flammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment health: CP EMH"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238860","article-title":"Physical control of patients on an inpatient setting: Forensic vs. civil populations","volume":"66","author":"Heilbrun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-009-9191-1","article-title":"The distribution and frequency of seclusion and\/or restraint among psychiatric inpatients","volume":"37","author":"Hendryx","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00258","article-title":"Machine learning: an approach in identifying risk factors for coercion compared to binary logistic regression","volume":"9","author":"Hotzy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0872-6","article-title":"Do patient and ward-related characteristics influence the use of coercive measures? Results from the EUNOMIA international study","volume":"49","author":"Kalisova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039480903274449","article-title":"The reasons for using restraint and seclusion in psychiatric inpatient care: A nationwide 15-year study","volume":"64","author":"Keski-Valkama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nordic J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0150-1","article-title":"Who are the restrained and secluded patients: a 15-year nationwide study","volume":"45","author":"Keski-Valkama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080394802760322105","article-title":"Predicting use of coercive measures in Finland","volume":"56","author":"Korkeila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nordic J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0137-0","article-title":"Diagnosis-related frequency of compulsory measures in 10 German psychiatric hospitals and correlates with hospital characteristics","volume":"42","author":"Steinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2014.02.038","article-title":"Predictors of length of stay in forensic psychiatry: the influence of perceived risk of violence","volume":"37","author":"Andreasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-003-0719-7","article-title":"Comparisons of psychotropic drug prescribing patterns in acute psychiatric wards across Europe","volume":"60","author":"Bowers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/24.3.169","article-title":"Factors associated with the discharge of patients from a long-term state psychiatric hospital","volume":"24","author":"Linhorst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Work Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420035933","volume-title":"Subset selection in regression.","author":"Miller","year":"2002"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198307)39:4<611::AID-JCLP2270390427>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Hospitalization length of insanity acquittees","volume":"39","author":"Steadman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.01.736","article-title":"A randomised study comparing seclusion and mechanical restraint in people with serious mental illness","volume":"22","author":"Steinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b15462","volume-title":"Forensic psychiatry: clinical, legal and ethical issues.","author":"Gunn","year":"2014"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics.","author":"Field","year":"2013"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7138-7","volume-title":"An introduction to statistical learning.","author":"James","year":"2013"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"B46","article-title":"ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders.]","author":"Dilling","year":"1994"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-009-2913-z","article-title":"Patienten mit schizophrenen St\u00f6rungen im psychiatrischen Ma\u00dfregelvollzug","volume":"81","author":"Habermeyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1109080","article-title":"Schizophrene Patienten im psychiatrischen Ma\u00dfregelvollzug (\u00a7 63 StGB) Nordrhein-Westfalens","volume":"77","author":"Kutscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fortschr der Neurologie\u00b7 Psychiatr"},{"key":"B49","article-title":"Development of forensic psychiatry (section 63 StGB) in North-Rhine-Westphalia. Comparison of the current situation with introduction of the forensic psychiatry regulation (MRVG-NW) 10 years ago","volume":"24","author":"Seifert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatrische Praxis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770150210","article-title":"Focus on psychometrics the kappa statistic for establishing interrater reliability in the secondary analysis of qualitative clinical data","volume":"15","author":"Brennan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"864","volume-title":"Bergin and Garfield\"s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change.","author":"Lambert","year":"2013"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv037","article-title":"Dose equivalents for second-generation antipsychotic drugs: the classical mean dose method","volume":"41","author":"Leucht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu001","article-title":"Dose equivalents for second-generation antipsychotics: the minimum effective dose method","volume":"40","author":"Leucht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060802","article-title":"International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing","volume":"167","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.11.007","article-title":"Machine learning for precision psychiatry: opportunities and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Bzdok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045037","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for clinical psychology and psychiatry","volume":"14","author":"Dwyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.07.003","article-title":"What big data can do for treatment in psychiatry","volume":"18","author":"Gillan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2946645.3053452","article-title":"mlr: Machine Learning in R","volume":"17","author":"Bischl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"B60","article-title":"\"The Balanced Accuracy and Its Posterior Distribution,\" 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Istanbul","author":"Brodersen","year":"2010"},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"2017"},{"key":"B62","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2010.61.10.1012","article-title":"Use of coercive measures during involuntary hospitalization: findings from ten European countries","volume":"61","author":"Raboch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001744","article-title":"Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist","volume":"11","author":"Moons","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003494","article-title":"Prediction of transition to psychosis in patients with a clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review of methodology and reporting","volume":"47","author":"Studerus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.1999.1279","article-title":"Cross-validation methods","volume":"44","author":"Browne","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Math Psychol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780130513","article-title":"Advances in statistical methodology for the evaluation of diagnostic and laboratory tests","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4321\/S0213-61632010000400001","article-title":"Do locked doors in psychiatric hospitals prevent patients from absconding","volume":"24","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12083","article-title":"Limiting Patients as a Nursing Practice in Psychiatric Intensive Care Units to Ensure Safety and Gain Control","volume":"51","author":"Salzmann-Erikson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perspect Psychiatr Care"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2016.09.001","article-title":"Influence of staff's emotional reactions on the escalation of patient aggression in mental health care","volume":"49","author":"Haugvaldstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01158.x","article-title":"Aversive stimulation by staff and violence by psychiatric patients","volume":"35","author":"Whittington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.01.019","article-title":"Evaluation of seclusion and restraint reduction programs in mental health: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Goulet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggress Violence Behav"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000388","article-title":"Treating the violent patient with psychosis or impulsivity utilizing antipsychotic polypharmacy and high-dose monotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Morrissette","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS spectrums"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00680","article-title":"Conflicting priorities between risk management and mental health treatment\u2013a case report","volume":"9","author":"Steinau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00415\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T05:24:00Z","timestamp":1589347440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00415\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"article-number":"415"}}