{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:04:14Z","timestamp":1784952254503,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T05:34:42Z","timestamp":1595309682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Cannabis Improves Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder\u2014Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Szejko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Fremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20050","article-title":"The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes","volume":"12","author":"Regier","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.06.002","article-title":"The Prevalence of Tic Disorders and Clinical Characteristics in Children","volume":"3","author":"Scahill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cohort profile: Epidemiology and Genetics of Obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic tic disorders in Sweden (EGOS)","volume-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol","author":"Mahjani","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180813155017","article-title":"Psychopharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)","volume":"17","author":"Del Casale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.04.025","article-title":"Treatment-resistant OCD\u2014A psychopharmacological \u2018touche d\u2019art\u2019","volume":"34","author":"Naguy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22103","article-title":"Long-term outcome in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"30","author":"Bloch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.02.004","article-title":"Updated overview of the putative role of the serotoninergic system in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"1","author":"Aouizerate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0073","article-title":"Genetic Associations of Serotoninergic and GABAergic Genes in an Extended Collection of Early-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Trios","volume":"29","author":"Boloc","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.12.084","article-title":"Acute Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis\/Internal Capsule in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"111","author":"Winter","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.01.009","article-title":"Assessment of glutamate in striatal subregions in obsessive-compulsive disorder with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"232","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1906-17.2017","article-title":"Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Dopaminergic Signaling and Compulsive Behaviors","volume":"38","author":"Bellini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234733","article-title":"Repeated cortico-striatal stimulation generates persistent OCD-like behavior","volume":"340","author":"Ahmari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.09.004","article-title":"Clinical and electrophysiological outcomes of deep TMS over the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in OCD patients","volume":"11","author":"Carmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa001","article-title":"Brain structural covariance networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a graph analysis from the ENIGMA Consortium","volume":"143","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.003","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids: An update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report","volume":"49","author":"Abrams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.143","article-title":"The Role of the Endocannabinoid System and Genetic Variation in Adolescent Brain Development","volume":"43","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4036","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system in guarding against fear, anxiety and stress","volume":"16","author":"Lutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13215","article-title":"Cannabinoid-dopamine interactions in the physiology and physiopathology of the basal ganglia","volume":"173","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417041-4.00015-1","article-title":"Cannabinoids and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume-title":"Cannabinoids in Neurologic and Mental Disease.","author":"Casarotto","year":"2015"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.3.206","article-title":"The validation of a new obsessive-compulsive disorder scale: The obsessive-compulsive inventory","volume":"10","author":"Foa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00099-2","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part I","volume":"41","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretation of intrusions inventory\u2013Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version","volume":"43","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5","article-title":"A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30","volume":"42","author":"Wells","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-7073(07)71474-3","article-title":"The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Busner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2001.00147.x","article-title":"Quality of Life (QOL) of patients with Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome","volume":"103","author":"Elstner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199603000-00003","article-title":"A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity","volume":"34","author":"Ware","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.04.013","article-title":"Impairment of endocannabinoids activity in the dorsolateral striatum delays extinction of behavior in a procedural memory task in rats","volume":"55","author":"Rueda-Orozco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.11.027","article-title":"Facilitation of CB1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission decreases marble burying behavior in mice","volume":"35","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12051","article-title":"Cannabidiol reverses the mCPP-induced increase in marble-burying behavior","volume":"28","author":"Nardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.12.030","article-title":"Endocannabinoid analogues exacerbate marble-burying behavior in mice via TRPV1 receptor","volume":"62","author":"Umathe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2415-0","article-title":"Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), \u03949;-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour","volume":"219","author":"Deiana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e32833b33c5","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors","volume":"21","author":"Casarotto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301224","article-title":"Inhibition of Fatty-Acid Amide Hydrolase Accelerates Acquisition and Extinction Rates in a Spatial Memory Task","volume":"32","author":"Varvel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13267","article-title":"Genetic deletion of monoacylglycerol lipase leads to impaired cannabinoid receptor CB\u2081R signaling and anxiety-like behavior","volume":"135","author":"Imperatore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.12.002","article-title":"Inhibition of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes elicits anxiolytic-like effects in the marble burying assay","volume":"98","author":"Kinsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001179","article-title":"Cannabinoid Augmentation of Exposure-Based Psychotherapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"40","author":"Kayser","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16030053","article-title":"Refractory OCD Due to Thalamic Infarct With Response to Dronabinol","volume":"29","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07061016","article-title":"Improvement in refractory obsessive compulsive disorder with dronabinol","volume":"165","author":"Schindler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0049","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System: A New Treatment Target for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder","volume":"4","author":"Kayser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16110310","article-title":"Preliminary Evidence on Cannabis Effectiveness and Tolerability for Adults With Tourette Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Abi-Jaoude","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081739","article-title":"Speechlessness in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Cannabis-Based Medicines Improve Severe Vocal Blocking Tics in Two Patients","volume":"18","author":"Jakubovski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0050","article-title":"Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome with Cannabis-Based Medicine: Results from a Retrospective Analysis and Online Survey","volume":"4","author":"Milosev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10127.x","article-title":"Cannabinoids: possible role in patho-physiology and therapy of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Muller-Vahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25028","article-title":"Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial","volume":"35","author":"Muller-Vahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0417","article-title":"Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial","volume":"64","author":"Muller-Vahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.004","article-title":"Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing","volume":"49","author":"MacCallum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14407","article-title":"Modulatory effects of cannabinoids on brain neurotransmission","volume":"50","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005651","article-title":"Altered responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes following long-term cannabinoid treatment","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.09.002","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor in the modulation of stress coping behavior in mice: the role of serotonin and different forebrain neuronal subpopulations","volume":"65","author":"Haring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.04.043","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Modulation of Orbitostriatal Circuits Gates Habit Formation","volume":"90","author":"Gremel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00681\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T05:34:45Z","timestamp":1595309685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00681\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00681","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"article-number":"681"}}