{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:09:37Z","timestamp":1791349777660,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T15:32:12Z","timestamp":1597851132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Shedding Light on \u201cthe Hole\u201d: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Adverse Psychological Effects and Mortality Following Solitary Confinement in Correctional Settings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mimosa","family":"Luigi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dellazizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles-\u00c9douard","family":"Gigu\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Goulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Dumais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Solitary Confinement: Common Misconceptions and Emerging Safe Alternatives.","author":"Shames","year":"2015"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Use of Restrictive Housing in U.S. Prisons and Jails, 2011-12","author":"Beck","year":"2015"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-015-9250-0","article-title":"Exploring the effect of exposure to short-term solitary confinement among violent prison inmates","volume":"32","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Quantitative Criminol"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Restrictive housing in the U.S. : Issues, challenges, and future directions","author":"Lynch","year":"2016"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854814535082","article-title":"The treatment of the mentally ill in supermax facilities: An evaluation of state supermax policies","volume":"41","author":"Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Improvements Needed in Bureau of Prisons\u2019 Monitoring and Evaluation of Impact of Segregated Housing.","year":"2013"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Time-in-cell: The ASCA-Liman 2014 national survey of administrative segregation in prison","author":"Baumgartel","year":"2015"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128705279484","article-title":"Wardens\u2019 Views on the Wisdom of Supermax Prisons","volume":"52","author":"Mears","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crime Delinquency"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01022.x","article-title":"The Effect of Supermaximum Security Prisons on Aggregate Levels of Institutional Violence","volume":"41","author":"Briggs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818824371","article-title":"Assessing the Impact of Time Spent in Restrictive Housing Confinement on Subsequent Measures of Institutional Adjustment Among Men in Prison","volume":"46","author":"Labrecque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403417699930","article-title":"An Analysis of the Deterrent Effects of Disciplinary Segregation on Institutional Rule Violation Rates","volume":"30","author":"Lucas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim Justice Policy Rev"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403419862338","article-title":"Disciplinary Segregation\u2019s Effects on Inmate Behavior: Institutional and Community Outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crim Justice Policy Rev"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"The effect of solitary confinement on institutional misconduct: A longitudinal evaluation.","author":"Labrecque","year":"2016"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"R","volume-title":"A profile of women in segregation.","author":"Thompson","year":"2013"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000089","article-title":"Quantitative syntheses of the effects of administrative segregation on inmates\u2019 well-being","volume":"22","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Public Policy Law"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23774657.2017.1416318","article-title":"From solitary to the streets: The effect of restrictive housing on recidivism","volume":"4","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corrections"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12516","article-title":"Association of Restrictive Housing During Incarceration With Mortality After Release","volume":"2","author":"Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/696041","article-title":"The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement: A Systematic Critique","volume":"47","author":"Haney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1086\/500626","article-title":"The Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prison Inmates: A Brief History and Review of the Literature","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crime Justice"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12733","article-title":"Is mental illness associated with placement into solitary confinement in correctional settings? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dellazizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.11.1450","article-title":"Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement","volume":"140","author":"Grassian","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Solitary confinement and mental illness in U.S. prisons: a challenge for medical ethics","volume":"38","author":"Metzner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-017-0138-1","article-title":"History of Solitary Confinement Is Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Individuals Recently Released from Prison","volume":"95","author":"Hagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull New Y Acad Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.102001019.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of prisoners on remand: psychiatric prevalence, incidence and psychopathology in solitary vs. non-solitary confinement","volume":"102","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scandinavica"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v45n03_01","article-title":"Violence in prisons, revisited","volume":"45","author":"Toch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Offender Rehabil"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Effects of Confinement in the High Security Unit at Lexington","author":"Korn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Justice"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854801028001004","article-title":"Telling the Story: A Study in the Segregation of Women Prisoners","author":"Martel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc Justice"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"285","article-title":"Restricting the Use of Solitary Confinement","volume-title":"Annual Review of Criminology","author":"Haney","year":"2018"},{"key":"B29","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Ninth Circle of Hell : An Eighth Amendment Analysis of Imposing Prolonged Supermax Solitary Confinement on inmates with a mental illness","volume":"90","author":"Hafemeister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Denver Univ Law Rev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854882009003004","article-title":"Reactions and attributes of prisoners in solitary confinement","volume":"9","author":"Suedfeld","year":"1982","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"The Effects of Administrative Segregation: A Lesson in Knowledge Cumulation","author":"John","year":"2016"},{"key":"B32","year":"2018"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"One Year Longitudinal Study of the Psychological Effects of Administrative Segregation.","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"2010"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800034-2.00139-7","article-title":"Detention: Solitary Confinement","volume-title":"Encyclopedia Forensic Legal Med","author":"Shalev","year":"2016"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence\u2013study limitations (risk of bias)","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence\u2013indirectness","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence\u2013inconsistency","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence\u2013publication bias","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.3.324","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the brief psychiatric rating scale factor structure","volume":"17","author":"Shafer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","article-title":"Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package","volume":"36","author":"Viechtbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.45.12.1304","article-title":"Things I have learned (so far)","volume":"45","author":"Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.59","article-title":"Meta-analysis: recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews","volume":"52","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.605","article-title":"Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"303","author":"Paulson","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Practical Meta-Analysis","author":"Lipsey","year":"2001"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res ed)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/825383","article-title":"Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Confidence Intervals for Rosenthal\u2019s Fail-Safe Number","volume":"2014","author":"Fragkos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Sch Res Notices"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1979","journal-title":"psychol Bull"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"1","article-title":"The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis 2nd edition","volume-title":"The Hand of Res Synthesis and Meta-Analysis","author":"Cooper","year":"2009"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J076v45n01_11","article-title":"Administrative Segregation for Mentally Ill Inmates","volume":"45","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Offender Rehabil"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12125","article-title":"The psychological impact of solitary: A longitudinal comparison of general population and long-term administratively segregated male inmates","volume":"23","author":"Chadick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Legal Criminol Psychol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305375","article-title":"Psychological Distress in Solitary Confinement: Symptoms, Severity, and Prevalence in the United States, 2017\u20132018","volume":"110","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"0419","volume-title":"The psychological effects of 60 days in administrative segregation.","author":"Zinger","year":"1999"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.146","article-title":"Prison segregation: Administrative detention remedy or mental health problem","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crim Behav Ment Health"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2527(03)00015-3","article-title":"A longitudinal study of prisoners on remand: Repeated measures of psychopathology in the initial phase of solitary versus nonsolitary confinement","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10509670903081342","article-title":"The association of administrative segregation placement and other risk factors with the self-injury-free time of male prisoners","volume":"48","author":"Lanes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Offender Rehabil"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301742","article-title":"Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates","volume":"104","author":"Kaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30271-3","article-title":"Solitary confinement placement and post-release mortality risk among formerly incarcerated individuals: a population-based study","volume":"5","author":"Wildeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2227-z","article-title":"Depression and psychosis related to the absence of visitors and consumption of drugs in male prisoners in Ecuador: a cross sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Benavides","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1179-9","article-title":"More than eight in every nineteen inmates were living with depression at prisons of Northwest Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, a cross sectional study design","volume":"17","author":"Beyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"10","article-title":"Solitary confinement in the correctional setting: Goals, problems, and suggestions","volume":"20","author":"Suedfeld","year":"1974","journal-title":"Corrective Soc Psychiatry J Behav Technol Methods Ther"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128702239239","article-title":"Mental health issues in long-term solitary and \u201csupermax\u201d confinement","volume":"49","author":"Haney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crime Delinquency"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.4.774","article-title":"Psychosis in the Community and in Prisons: A Report From the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity","volume":"162","author":"Brugha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/17522439.2017.1349829","article-title":"Social isolation and psychosis-like experiences: a UK general population analysis","volume":"9","author":"Butter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx036","article-title":"Loneliness in Psychosis: A Meta-analytical Review","volume":"44","author":"Michalska da Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302043","article-title":"Mental health of prisoners: identifying barriers to mental health treatment and medication continuity","volume":"104","author":"Reingle Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000531","article-title":"A 17-Year National Study of Prison Suicides in Belgium","volume":"40","author":"Favril","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.095931","article-title":"Transitions from Prison to Community: Understanding Individual Pathways","volume":"29","author":"Visher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ijph-08-2016-0040","article-title":"Reducing the use and impact of solitary confinement in corrections","volume":"13","author":"Ahalt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Prisoner Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854808318585","article-title":"A Culture of Harm: Taming the Dynamics of Cruelty in Supermax Prisons","volume":"35","author":"Haney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818766974","article-title":"The Effect of Mental Illness on Segregation Following Institutional Misconduct","volume":"45","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2016.1238491","article-title":"Comparative study of hostility in depressive patients with and without a suicide attempt history","volume":"22","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"B74","article-title":"Solitary Confinement Associated with Relapse into Any Recidivism Including Violent Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume-title":"Trauma Abuse Violence","author":"Luigi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B75","volume-title":"Safe Alternatives to Segregation Initiative: Findings and Recommendations to Partner Agencies.","year":"2019"},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Impacts of and alternatives to solitary confinement in adult correctional facilities","author":"Zyvoloski","year":"2018"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020182","article-title":"From Punishment to Treatment: The \u201cClinical Alternative to Punitive Segregation\u201d (CAPS) Program in New York City Jails","volume":"13","author":"Glowa-Kollisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Findings and Recommendations for the New York City Department of Correction.","author":"Anthony-North","year":"2017"},{"key":"B79","volume-title":"The Safe Alternatives to Segregation Initiative","author":"Cloud","year":"2019"},{"key":"B80","volume-title":"Findings and Recommendations for the North Carolina Department of Public Safety.","author":"Wilcox","year":"2016"},{"key":"B81","volume-title":"The Safe Alternatives to Segregation Initiative: Findings and Recommendations on the Use of Segregation in the Middlesex County Adult Correction Center.","author":"Wilcox","year":"2016"},{"key":"B82","volume-title":"Solitary Confinement (Isolation): Position Statement.","year":"2016"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345814522959","article-title":"Society of Correctional Physicians calls for caution placing mentally ill in segregation: An important band-aid","volume":"20","author":"Stern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Correctional Health Care"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201600329","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Rochester Forensic Assertive Community Treatment Model","volume":"68","author":"Lamberti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T15:32:22Z","timestamp":1597851142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"article-number":"840"}}