{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:10:08Z","timestamp":1780571408066,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDF-517352-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDF-517352-2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIHR Clinician Salary Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIHR Clinician Salary Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing body of evidence links the late chronotype to mental illness, aggression, and aversive personality traits. However, much of what we know about these associations is based on healthy cohorts, and it is unclear how individuals with high levels of aggression, including forensic psychiatric populations, but not offenders, are affected. The present study aimed to measure chronotype in a forensic psychiatric inpatient population, evaluate the impact of diagnosis, and identify any interactive relationships between chronotype, diagnosis, aggression, and dark triad traits. Subjects completed the reduced Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire\u2013Short Form (BPAQ-SF), and Short Dark Triad Questionnaire (SD3). We sampled 55 forensic psychiatric patients (52 males) between the ages of 23 and 73 years (mean \u00b1 SD: 39.6 \u00b1 14.3 years). Among the patients sampled, 25% were evening types and 36% were morning types. Eveningness was greater in patients with a personality disorder; however, no chronotype differences were found for psychosis patients. Patients without psychosis had a positive association between anger and eveningness, as well as between hostility and eveningness. For subjects with a substance use disorder, morningness was positively associated with narcissism. Conversely, an association between eveningness and greater narcissism was identified in patients who did not have a substance use disorder. These findings suggest that, compared to the general population, evening types are more prevalent in forensic psychiatric populations, with the strongest preference among patients diagnosed with a personality disorder. No differences in chronotype were identified for psychosis patients, which may be related to anti-psychotic medication dosing. Given the sex distribution of the sample, these findings may be more relevant to male populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.550597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T04:45:22Z","timestamp":1608266722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Time of Day Matters: An Exploratory Assessment of Chronotype in a Forensic Psychiatric Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kimberly D.","family":"Belfry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott H.","family":"Deibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Kolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400541","article-title":"The circadian cycle: daily rhythms from behaviour to genes","volume":"6","author":"Merrow","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S2237-60892013000100002","article-title":"Chronotype: a review of the advances, limits and applicability of the main instruments used in the literature to assess human phenotype","volume":"35","author":"Levandovski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0925-8","article-title":"Chronotype and mental health: recent advances","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.668995","article-title":"Associations between chronotypes, psychopathology, and personality among incoming college students","volume":"29","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-018-0113-8","article-title":"Chronotype and psychiatric disorders","volume":"4","author":"Kivel\u00e4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200306000-00009","article-title":"Sleep and daily activity preferences in schizophrenia: associations with neurocognition and symptoms","volume":"191","author":"Hofstetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1078346","article-title":"Clinical correlates of chronotypes in young persons with mental disorders","volume":"32","author":"Fares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.04.001","article-title":"Associations between morningness\/eveningness and psychopathology: an epidemiological survey in three in-patient psychiatric clinics","volume":"47","author":"Lemoine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2007.00573.x","article-title":"Chronotype distribution in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia in a Korean sample","volume":"10","author":"Ahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.026","article-title":"Association between morningness\/eveningness, addiction severity and psychiatric disorders among individuals with addictions","volume":"229","author":"Kervran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2013.829846","article-title":"Chronotype-related differences in childhood and adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior - 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