{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:21:25Z","timestamp":1770700885819,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.558367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T06:25:37Z","timestamp":1600928737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dysfunction of the Prefrontal Cortex in Betel-Quid\u2013Dependent Chewers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongcui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Canhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"International agency for research on cancer IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans","volume-title":"Betel-Quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-Derived Nitrosamines","year":"2004"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210120091455","article-title":"Chemical and analytical aspects of areca nut","volume":"7","author":"Lord","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-23","article-title":"Areca nut chewing and dependency syndrome: is the dependence comparable to smoking? a cross sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Mirza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treatm Prevent Policy"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140907","article-title":"Nicotinic Activity of Arecoline, the Psychoactive Element of \u201cBetel Nuts\u201d, Suggests a Basis for Habitual Use and Anti-Inflammatory Activity","volume":"10","author":"Papke","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210120091464","article-title":"Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu","volume":"7","author":"Boucher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1432652","article-title":"Betel Quid Chewing, Personality and Mood: Betel Quid Chewing Associated with Low Extraversion and Negative Mood","volume":"53","author":"Yen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4307","article-title":"Association of DSM-5 Betel-Quid Use Disorder With Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder in 6 Betel-Quid Endemic Asian Populations","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30460-6","article-title":"Defining a global research and policy agenda for betel quid and areca nut","volume":"18","author":"Mehrtash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2004.01.005","article-title":"Betel quid without tobacco as a risk factor for oral precancers","volume":"40","author":"Jacob","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600727","article-title":"The precancer risk of betel quid chewing, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis in southern Taiwan","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2005.08.005","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: review on aetiology and pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Tilakaratne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.039","article-title":"Intoxication and substance use disorder to Areca catechu nut containing betel quid: A review of epidemiological evidence, pharmacological basis and social factors influencing quitting strategies","volume":"179","author":"Osborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2132","article-title":"Epidemiology of DSM-5 Drug Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"73","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10114","article-title":"The epidemiology of DSM-5 nicotine use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III","volume":"84","author":"Chou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584","article-title":"Epidemiology of DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III","volume":"72","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.157205","article-title":"Various terminologies associated with areca nut and tobacco chewing: A review","volume":"19","author":"Patidar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofacial Pathol Jomfp"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4331-9","article-title":"Spatial short-term memory is impaired in dependent betel quid chewers","volume":"233","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12081","article-title":"Betel nut chewing effects on sustained attention and inhibitory control after sleep deprivation","volume":"67","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118806299","article-title":"Executive function deficit in betel-quid-dependent chewers: Mediating role of prefrontal cortical thickness","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000191","article-title":"Attentional bias to betel quid cues: An eye tracking study","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Addictive Behav J Soc Psycholog Addictive Behav"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00016","article-title":"Structural and Functional Alterations in Betel-Quid Chewers: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Findings","volume":"10","author":"Sariah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00139","article-title":"Altered gray-matter volumes associated with betel quid dependence","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00201","article-title":"White Matter Integrity Deficit Associated with Betel Quid Dependence","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1642","article-title":"Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex","volume":"159","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.318","article-title":"Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Volkow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2002.4099","article-title":"Role of dopamine, the frontal cortex and memory circuits in drug addiction: insight from imaging studies","volume":"78","author":"Volkow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Memory"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625","article-title":"Addiction circuitry in the human brain","volume":"52","author":"Volkow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.027","article-title":"Development and validation of a self-rating scale for betel quid chewers based on a male-prisoner population in Taiwan: the Betel Quid Dependence Scale","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-010-0024-1","article-title":"Nissan J. A free, easy-to-use, computer-based simple and four-choice reaction time programme: the Deary-Liewald reaction time task","volume":"43","author":"Deary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.013","article-title":"Mapping of verbal working memory in nonfluent Chinese\u2013English bilinguals with functional MRI","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2018.12.005","article-title":"Dynamic Causal Modeling of Insular, Striatal, and Prefrontal Cortex Activities During a Food-Specific Go\/NoGo Task","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Non-linear registration, a.k.a. Spatial normalisation (FMRIB Technical Report TR07JA2)","author":"Andersson","year":"2007"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Non-linear optimization (FMRIB Technical Report TR07JA1)","author":"Andersson","year":"2007"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.023","article-title":"Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference","volume":"21","author":"Woolrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00435-X","article-title":"General multilevel linear modeling for group analysis in FMRI","volume":"20","author":"Beckmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.042","article-title":"Robust group analysis using outlier inference","volume":"41","author":"Woolrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01269-0","article-title":"Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients","volume":"51","author":"Franklin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.012","article-title":"Trait impulsivity and prefrontal gray matter reductions in cocaine dependent individuals","volume":"125","author":"Moreno-L\u00f3pez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301346","article-title":"Cerebellar gray matter volume correlates with duration of cocaine use in cocaine-dependent subjects","volume":"32","author":"Sim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08211.x","article-title":"Structural and behavioral correlates of abnormal encoding of money value in the sensorimotor striatum in cocaine addiction","volume":"36","author":"Konova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.016","article-title":"Relationship between trait impulsivity and cortical volume, thickness and surface area in male cocaine users and non-drug using controls","volume":"144","author":"Kaag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.035","article-title":"Reduced striatal volume in cocaine-dependent patients","volume":"56","author":"Barr\u00f3s-Loscertales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.11.022","article-title":"Cumulative Adversity and Smaller Gray Matter Volume in Medial Prefrontal, Anterior Cingulate, and Insula Regions","volume":"72","author":"Ansell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.014","article-title":"Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals","volume":"71","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.030","article-title":"Changes in brain gray matter in abstinent heroin addicts","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01989.x","article-title":"Frontal and cingulate gray matter volume reduction in heroin dependence: Optimized voxel-based morphometry","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.07.005","article-title":"Gray matter deficits and resting-state abnormalities in abstinent heroin-dependent individuals","volume":"482","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0198-x","article-title":"Prefrontal and temporal gray matter density decreases in opiate dependence","volume":"184","author":"Lyoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.046","article-title":"Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls","volume":"59","author":"Cousijn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00610-3","article-title":"Differences between smokers and nonsmokers in regional gray matter volumes and densities","volume":"55","author":"Brody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00250.x","article-title":"Differences between smokers and non-smokers in regional gray matter volumes: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2006.00043.x","article-title":"IMAGING STUDY: Gray matter volume abnormalities and externalizing symptoms in subjects at high risk for alcohol dependence","volume":"12","author":"Benegal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095869","article-title":"A widespread distinct pattern of cerebral atrophy in patients with alcohol addiction revealed by voxel-based morphometry","volume":"78","author":"Mechtcheriakov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.030","article-title":"Reduced dorsal prefrontal gray matter after chronic ketamine use","volume":"69","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.07.001","article-title":"Reduced cortical gray matter density in human MDMA (Ecstasy) users: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"72","author":"Cowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depen"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005699","article-title":"Prefrontal grey-matter changes in short-term and long-term abstinent methamphetamine abusers","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.10.025","article-title":"Gray matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"79","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.01.031","article-title":"Gray matter and white matter abnormalities in online game addiction","volume":"82","author":"Weng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.01.004","article-title":"Differential regional gray matter volumes in patients with on-line game addiction and professional gamers","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00084","article-title":"Disrupted Resting-State Default Mode Network in Betel Quid-Dependent Individuals","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"A multivariate pattern analysis of resting-state functional MRI data in Naive and chronic betel quid chewers","volume-title":"Brain Imaging Behav","author":"Linli","year":"2020"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.001","article-title":"Addiction, compulsive drug seeking, and the role of frontostriatal mechanisms in regulating inhibitory control","volume":"35","author":"Feil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010654108","article-title":"Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry","volume":"108","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43105","article-title":"Rumination and Default Mode Network Subsystems Connectivity in First-episode, Drug-Naive Young Patients with Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119","article-title":"Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.558367\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T06:25:40Z","timestamp":1600928740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.558367\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.558367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.558367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"article-number":"558367"}}