{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:17:38Z","timestamp":1768529858793,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has brought physical risks as well as psychological challenges to the whole world. High school students are a special group suffering from both the academic pressure and the threat of the epidemic. The present study aims to conduct an online survey to investigate the psychological status of high school students in Shandong Province.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Using a web-based cross-sectional survey, data was collected from 1,018 voluntary high school students assessed with demographic information, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and a self-designed online-study effect survey. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships between depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and study effect.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Result:<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and a combination of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 52.4, 31.4, and 26.8%, respectively, among high school students in Shandong Province during the COVID-19 epidemic. And from moderate to severe severity level, the rates of depressive symptoms and anxious symptoms were 17.6 and 4.6%. Female students exhibited a higher rate and severity of mental symptoms than male, and grade one senior high school students got a higher rate and severity of mental symptoms than the other two grades. Nearly half of the students were not satisfied with their online-study effect. The PHQ-9 score had a strong positive correlation with the GAD-7 score. Both the PHQ-9 score the GAD-7 score had a negative correlation with the study-effect survey score.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Quite a number of high school students suffered from depression and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic. Sufficient attentions should be paid, and necessary supports should be provided, to protect the mental health of this special group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T05:08:42Z","timestamp":1608527322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms of High School Students in Shandong Province During the COVID-19 Epidemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailing","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingchuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1470","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1470","article-title":"Clinical features of covid-19","volume":"369","author":"Vetter","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200702","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China","volume":"145","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1467","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents","volume":"174","author":"Castagnoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1456","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents","volume":"174","author":"Golberstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"168","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.133","article-title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents in China: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"272","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-3611.2007.06.011","article-title":"An investigation into the prevalence and related factors of anxiety in middle school students of Hunan Province","volume":"28","author":"Ming","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1674-6554.2005.05.028","article-title":"Characteristics of anxiety and the related risk factors among adolescent students in Dalian City","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Behav Med Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01541-4","article-title":"Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0144.x","article-title":"Assessing depression in primary care with the PHQ-9: can it be carried out over the telephone?","volume":"20","author":"Pinto-Meza","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.006","article-title":"Standardization of the depression screener patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population","volume":"35","author":"Kocalevent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00306","article-title":"Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.07.010","article-title":"Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care","volume":"128","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.11.019","article-title":"Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) among Chinese people with epilepsy","volume":"120","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00386","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of anxiety and depression symptoms in the first-line medical staff fighting against COVID-19 in Gansu","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25914","article-title":"Psychological stress of medical staffs during outbreak of COVID-19 and adjustment strategy","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111223","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111223","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents in Northeast China","volume":"9","author":"Xiaoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China","volume":"287","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0047","article-title":"A novel approach of consultation on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-related psychological and mental problems: structured letter therapy","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00459","article-title":"Online mental health survey in a medical college in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30105-X","volume":"4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3321\/j.issn:1673-8225.2005.04.046","article-title":"Mental health states of senior high school students before the college entrance examination","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Rehabil."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051729","article-title":"Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw005","article-title":"Positive coping styles and perigenual ACC volume: two related mechanisms for conferring resilience?","volume":"11","author":"Holz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.1.85","article-title":"Sex differences in insomnia: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004","article-title":"Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease","volume":"68","author":"Sim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570096\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T05:08:49Z","timestamp":1608527329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570096\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570096","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"article-number":"570096"}}