{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:26:14Z","timestamp":1753892774921,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81371531","81901730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81371531","81901730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> It remains unknown whether volumetric alterations of ventricles are similar or not in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) among different mood states. The present study aims to estimate ventricular volumetric alteration of PBD patients in manic and euthymic status, as well as the relationship between this alteration and cognitive changes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> T1 magnetic resonance images were obtained from 20 manic PBD patients, 21 euthymic PBD patients, and 19 healthy controls (HCs). Ventricular volumes were automatically obtained via FreeSurfer 6.0 software. Ventricular volumes and cognitive indices were compared among the three groups, and the relationship between ventricular volumes and cognitive\/clinical indices was analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In contrast to HCs, manic and euthymic PBD patients exhibited decreased cognitive scores of the Stroop color-word test and the digit span subtest. Manic PBD subjects presented enlarged volumes in the bilateral ventricles, third ventricle, and whole ventricles, and euthymic PBD participants displayed increased volumes in the third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and whole ventricles. No significant differences in cognitive performance and ventricular volumes were found between PBD groups. No significant correlation was discovered between ventricular volumes and cognitive\/clinical indices in both manic and euthymic PBD patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> No significant differences in cognitive performance and ventricle volume were observed between euthymic and manic PBD groups, which may imply that the alterations are not specific to mood state. It may indicate structural and functional damage of corresponding brain circuits in euthymic PBD patients similar with that of manic PBD, which may provide clues to the diagnosis and treatment of euthymic PBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.593629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T04:21:18Z","timestamp":1607919678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alterations of Cognition and Cerebral Ventricle Volume in Manic and Euthymic Pediatric Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Liangfeng","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weifang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linyan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60072-6","article-title":"Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study","volume":"373","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.008","article-title":"Comorbidity in pediatric bipolar disorder: prevalence, clinical impact, etiology and treatment","volume":"174","author":"Frias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.005","article-title":"Suicidality in pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"18","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.262","article-title":"Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder","volume":"161","author":"Martinez-Aran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.01157.x","article-title":"Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders","volume":"4","author":"Beyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.059717","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis","volume":"195","author":"Arnone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.9.1017","article-title":"Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder","volume":"65","author":"Kempton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.03.030","article-title":"Neocortical gray matter volume in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI study","volume":"62","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.021","article-title":"Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometry studies in bipolar disorder","volume":"56","author":"McDonald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.11.1841","article-title":"Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder","volume":"159","author":"Strakowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00036-X","article-title":"MRI study of posterior fossa structures and brain ventricles in bipolar patients","volume":"35","author":"Brambilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00063-8","article-title":"Cortical gray matter deficit in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"40","author":"Lim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90098-X","article-title":"Structural brain abnormalities in first-episode mania","volume":"33","author":"Strakowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(82)90014-3","article-title":"Cerebral ventricular enlargement in young manic males. A controlled CT study","volume":"4","author":"Nasrallah","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2010.01.008","article-title":"Pituitary volume and third ventricle width in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"35","author":"Cousins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12467","article-title":"Increased hippocampal, thalamus and amygdala volume in long-term lithium-treated bipolar I disorder patients compared with unmedicated patients and healthy subjects","volume":"19","author":"Lopez-Jaramillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.051","article-title":"Subcortical structural volumes in recently remitted first episode mania","volume":"222","author":"Arumugham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(91)90013-G","article-title":"Occurrence of subcortical hyperintensities in elderly subjects with mania","volume":"40","author":"McDonald","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.04.002","article-title":"Evaluation of basal ganglia, brainstem raphe and ventricles in bipolar disorder by transcranial sonography","volume":"194","author":"Krogias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00351-5","article-title":"An MRI study of adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy control subjects","volume":"46","author":"Friedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199506000-00014","article-title":"Preliminary study of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in 8- to 16-year-olds with mania","volume":"34","author":"Botteron","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.039","article-title":"Cortical magnetic resonance imaging findings in familial pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"58","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429","article-title":"A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity","volume":"133","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01828.x","article-title":"Properties of the mood and feelings questionnaire in adolescent psychiatric outpatients: a research note","volume":"36","author":"Wood","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-151281","article-title":"Stroop color-word interference test: normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population","volume":"37","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00150","article-title":"Clinical, functional, and biological correlates of cognitive dimensions in major depressive disorder\u2014rationale, design, and characteristics of the cognitive function and mood study (CoFaM-Study)","volume":"7","author":"Baune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00218-5","article-title":"Control of language use: cognitive modeling of the hemodynamics of Stroop task performance","volume":"15","author":"Roelofs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5080\/u7185","article-title":"[Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with bipolar disorder and adolescents with a high risk of bipolar disorder]","volume":"24","author":"Karakurt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"26","article-title":"Impact of cognition and clinical factors on functional outcome in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"27","author":"Soni","year":"2017","journal-title":"East Asian Arch Psychiatry."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001570","article-title":"Effect of symptoms on executive function in bipolar illness","volume":"34","author":"Dixon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.01.008","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in euthymic pediatric bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Elias","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19060583","article-title":"Mapping subcortical brain alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: effects of deletion size and convergence with idiopathic neuropsychiatric illness","volume":"77","author":"Ching","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2006.0023","article-title":"Manic symptoms and behavioral dysregulation in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)","volume":"17","author":"Aneja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00568-9","article-title":"Dysregulation of the neural cell adhesion molecule and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"405","author":"Vawter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"147","article-title":"Enlargement of the third ventricle in affective disorders","volume":"45","author":"Bhadoria","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.3.224","article-title":"Selective neuron loss in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in patients suffering from major depression and bipolar disorder","volume":"64","author":"Manaye","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.037","article-title":"Genetic variation in CACNA1C, a gene associated with bipolar disorder, influences brainstem rather than gray matter volume in healthy individuals","volume":"68","author":"Franke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.10.005","article-title":"Comprehensive segmentation of subcortical brain volumes in early onset schizophrenia reveals limited structural abnormalities","volume":"203","author":"Juuhl-Langseth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-0675-1","article-title":"Cerebral atrophy and white matter disruption in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"257","author":"Andreone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8757","article-title":"Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain","volume":"360","author":"Brainstorm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2711","article-title":"Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(49)90221-7","article-title":"Effect upon the EEG of acute injury to the brain stem activating system","volume":"1","author":"Lindsley","year":"1949","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.06.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology of mental illness: a view from the fourth ventricle","volume":"58","author":"Mirsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00201-7","article-title":"Brain computed tomography in geriatric manic disorder","volume":"45","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05186.x","article-title":"Bipolar affective disorder. I. Comprehensive quantitative computed tomography","volume":"77","author":"Dewan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700027847","article-title":"Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls","volume":"24","author":"Harvey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709990316","article-title":"The effect of COMT, BDNF, 5-HTT, NRG1 and DTNBP1 genes on hippocampal and lateral ventricular volume in psychosis","volume":"39","author":"Dutt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.12.004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging studies in early onset bipolar disorder: an updated review","volume":"18","author":"Terry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.003","article-title":"Common and distinct neural correlates of emotional processing in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"22","author":"Delvecchio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.09.063","article-title":"Common and distinct neural activities in frontoparietal network in first-episode bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: preliminary findings from a follow-up resting state fMRI study","volume":"260","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.037","article-title":"Correction for intracranial volume in analysis of whole brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: the proportion vs. residual method","volume":"22","author":"Sanfilipo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.593629\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T04:21:20Z","timestamp":1607919680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.593629\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.593629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.593629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-0640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"article-number":"593629"}}