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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>The purpose of this study was to identify gene expression differences associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma exposure (TE) in a three-group study design comprised of those with and without trauma exposure and PTSD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>We conducted gene expression and gene network analyses in a sample (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 45) composed of female subjects of European Ancestry (EA) with PTSD, TE without PTSD, and controls.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>We identified 283 genes differentially expressed between PTSD-TE groups. In an independent sample of Veterans (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 78) a small minority of these genes were also differentially expressed. We identified 7 gene network modules significantly associated with PTSD and TE (Bonferroni corrected<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.05), which at a false discovery rate (FDR) of<jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u2264 0.2, were significantly enriched for biological pathways involved in focal adhesion, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, and immune related processes among others.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>This study uses gene network analyses to identify significant gene modules associated with PTSD, TE, and controls. On an individual gene level, we identified a large number of differentially expressed genes between PTSD-TE groups, a minority of which were also differentially expressed in the independent sample. We also demonstrate a lack of network module preservation between PTSD and TE, suggesting that the molecular signature of PTSD and trauma are likely independent of each other. Our results provide a basis for the identification of likely disease pathways and biomarkers involved in the etiology of PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.581093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T04:43:10Z","timestamp":1617856990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gene Expression Differences Between Young Adults Based on Trauma History and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin E.","family":"Bountress","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Vladimirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gowon","family":"McMichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Z. 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