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Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Previous studies on possible memory deficits in 22q11DS often focused on quantifying the information memorized, whereas learning processes have been mostly overlooked. Furthermore, methodological differences in task design have made verbal and non-verbal comparison challenging and mixed results have been observed depending on chosen stimuli.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> 135 participants (78 with 22q11DS) completed a multi-trial memory task modeled after the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, comparing verbal and non-verbal learning as well as retention over time. Performance in the 22q11DS group were compared to controls and learning curves were analyzed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In 22q11DS, slower acquisition of non-verbal material and higher rates of errors in both verbal and non-verbal tasks was observed. After 30 min, free recall performance, when corrected for initial learning rate, was similar between 22q11DS and controls. Conversely, recognition performance was overall weaker for 22q11DS in both modalities (verbal and non-verbal).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> This study examined how information is acquired, retained in memory over time and how different recall modalities (free recall vs. recognition) could yield different performances. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.597681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T06:10:20Z","timestamp":1623823820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["From Learning to Memory: A Comparison Between Verbal and Non-verbal Skills in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Maeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Bostelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maude","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Bortolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kliegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Eliez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1184-2","article-title":"Education and employment trajectories from childhood to adulthood in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Mosheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.23.4.447.1228","article-title":"The neurocognitive phenotype of the 22Q11. 2 deletion syndrome : selective deficit in visual-spatial memory","volume":"23","author":"Bearden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903489882","article-title":"Executive functions and memory abilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040590911202","article-title":"Memory and learning in children with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome:evidence for ventral and dorsal stream disruption?","volume":"11","author":"Lajiness-O'Neill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol."},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Children's Memory Scale","author":"Cohen","year":"1997"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale (Third Ed.)","author":"Wechsler","year":"1997"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale","author":"Wechsler","year":"2010"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1896849","article-title":"Medial temporal lobe memory system","volume":"253","author":"Squire","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020071","article-title":"Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory","volume":"80","author":"Thomson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.2.226","article-title":"Encoding and retrieval processes in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS)","volume":"22","author":"Debban\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718000784","article-title":"Childhood executive functioning predicts young adult outcomes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30379","article-title":"Schizophrenic-like neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B:Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9174-5","article-title":"Visual memory profile in 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: are there differences in performance and neurobiological substrates between tasks linked to ventral and dorsal visual brain structures? 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