{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:45:04Z","timestamp":1790729104129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing evidence suggests an essential role of the endocannabinoid system in modulating cognitive abilities, mood, stress, and sleep. The psychoactive effects of cannabis are described as euphoric, calming, anxiolytic, and sleep-inducing and positively affect the mood, but can also adversely affect therapy. The responses to cannabinoid medications depend on the patient's endocannabinoid system activity, the proportion of phytocannabinoids, the terpenoid composition, and the dose used. There is some evidence for a therapeutic use of phytocannabinoids in psychiatric conditions. THC and CBD may have opposing effects on anxiety. Current guidelines recommend caution in using THC in patients with anxiety or mood disorders. In a small number of clinical trials, cannabinoids used to treat cancer, HIV, multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, Crohn's disease, and chronic neuropathic pain report decreases in anxiety or depression symptoms and presented sedative and anxiolytic effects. Several studies have investigated the influence of potential genetic factors on psychosis and schizophrenia development after cannabis use. THC may increase the risk of psychosis, especially in young patients with an immature central nervous system. There is limited evidence from clinical trials that cannabinoids are effective therapy for sleep disorders associated with concomitant conditions. There is evidence for a possible role of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and drugs, also in the context of the risks of opioid use (e.g., opioid-related mortality). In this narrative review of the recent evidence, we discuss the prospects of using the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids in treating mental and psychiatric disorders. However, this evidence is weak for some clinical conditions and well-designed randomized controlled trials are currently lacking. Furthermore, some disorders may be worsened by cannabis use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.620073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T06:57:02Z","timestamp":1615532222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Prospects for the Use of Cannabinoids in Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Graczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u0141ukowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Dzierzanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment, DSM-5 Edit","author":"Galanter","year":"2014"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11020129","article-title":"Prospects for the use of cannabinoids in oncology and palliative care practice: a review of the evidence","volume":"11","author":"Dzierzanowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2006.0041","article-title":"On cannabis, chloral hydrate, and career cycles of psychotrophic drugs in medicine","volume":"80","author":"Snelders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do","volume":"20","author":"Mackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids","year":"2017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-3-19","article-title":"Translational evidence for the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in stress-related psychiatric illnesses","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Mood Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.04.001","article-title":"Stress regulates endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor signaling","volume":"26","author":"Hillard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.166","article-title":"Neurobiological interactions between stress and the endocannabinoid system","volume":"41","author":"Morena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.07.039","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system, stress and HPA axis","volume":"834","author":"Micale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25028","article-title":"Treatment of tourette's syndrome with \u03949 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial","volume":"35","author":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363","article-title":"Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American academy of neurology","volume":"82","author":"Koppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00847.x","article-title":"Expression of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 in distinct neuronal subpopulations in the adult mouse forebrain","volume":"11","author":"Marsicano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00049","article-title":"The dopamine and cannabinoid interaction in the modulation of emotions and cognition: assessing the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptor in neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptors","volume":"5","author":"Terzian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12561","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 1 receptors on GABAergic vs. glutamatergic neurons differentially gate sex-dependent social interest in mice","volume":"40","author":"Terzian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3917-y","article-title":"2-AG promotes the expression of conditioned fear via cannabinoid receptor type 1 on GABAergic neurons","volume":"232","author":"Llorente-Berzal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.02.002","article-title":"Extinction of avoidance behavior by safety learning depends on endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus","volume":"90","author":"Micale","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250","article-title":"Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor","volume":"172","author":"Laprairie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.15","article-title":"Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Leweke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704327","article-title":"Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide","volume":"134","author":"Bisogno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618447","article-title":"Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular carriers for \u03b49-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"290","author":"Elmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001386","article-title":"Cannabidiol modulates serotonergic transmission and reverses both allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in a model of neuropathic pain","volume":"160","author":"De Gregorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.01.033","article-title":"Cannabidiol, neuroprotection and neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"112","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1381","article-title":"Positive and negative effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on health","volume":"105","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.019","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics, safety and efficacy of medical cannabis in the elderly","volume":"49","author":"Abuhasira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for medical use","volume":"313","author":"Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Marijuana Medical Handbook: Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana","author":"Gieringer","year":"2008"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105051541","article-title":"Cannabinoids in bipolar affective disorder: a review and discussion of their therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Ashton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1998.10399687","article-title":"The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research","volume":"30","author":"Grinspoon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"370","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12963","article-title":"Cannabis and cannabinoids in mood and anxiety disorders: impact on illness onset and course, and assessment of therapeutic potential","volume":"29","author":"Botsford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-2-18","article-title":"Survey of Australians using cannabis for medical purposes","volume":"2","author":"Swift","year":"2005","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301612","article-title":"Medical marijuana laws and suicides by gender and age","volume":"104","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011","article-title":"Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Woolridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000129","article-title":"Therapeutic satisfaction and subjective effects of different strains of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis","volume":"34","author":"Brunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"8","article-title":"Treating depression with cannabinoids","volume":"3","author":"Blaas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cannabinoids."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000112901","article-title":"The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Consroe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"64","article-title":"Medicinal marijuana use: experiences of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"52","author":"Page","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E694","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091414","article-title":"Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"182","author":"Ware","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-003-0232-z","article-title":"Cannabinoide - nebenwirkungen und komplikationen","volume":"17","author":"Radbruch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Der Schmerz."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.10.1026","article-title":"Major depressive disorder, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt intwins discordant for cannabis dependence and early-onset cannabis use","volume":"61","author":"Lynskey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"97","article-title":"Role of the endocannabinoid system in depression: from preclinical to clinical evidence","author":"Micale","year":"2015"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200509000-00005","article-title":"A role for cannabinoid CB1 receptors in mood and anxiety disorders","volume":"16","author":"Witkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007","article-title":"Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"27","author":"Bambico","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.12.11.1347","article-title":"The cannabinoid CB1 receptor and the endocannabinoid anandamide: possible antidepressant targets","volume":"12","author":"Bambico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61721-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"370","author":"Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61705-X","article-title":"Depression and anxiety with rimonabant","volume":"370","author":"Mitchell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00207","article-title":"The cannabinoid CB1 antagonist TM38837 with limited penetrance to the brain shows reduced fear-promoting effects in mice","volume":"10","author":"Micale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20825-1_9","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and mental disorders","volume":"231","author":"Rubino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1048","article-title":"Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence","volume":"24","author":"Crippa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.04.022","article-title":"Differential role of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in memory and anxiety-like responses","volume":"70","author":"Busquets-Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00071.x","article-title":"The use of a synthetic cannabinoid in the management of treatment-resistant nightmares in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"15","author":"Fraser","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0387-1","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Blessing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.6","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-na\u00efve social phobia patients","volume":"36","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/18-041","article-title":"Cannabidiol in anxiety and sleep: a large case series","volume":"23","author":"Shannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perm J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110379283","article-title":"Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report","volume":"25","author":"Crippa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00259","article-title":"Inverted U-shaped dose-response curve of the anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol during public speaking in real life","volume":"11","author":"Zuardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.10.012","article-title":"Prospective associations between cannabis use, abuse, and dependence and panic attacks and disorder","volume":"42","author":"Zvolensky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00106.x","article-title":"Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction","volume":"13","author":"Leweke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0169-6","article-title":"Sleep deprivation increases oleoylethanolamide in human cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"116","author":"Koethe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5546","article-title":"Sleep restriction enhances the daily rhythm of circulating levels of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol","volume":"39","author":"Hanlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3455","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of circulating levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol","volume":"100","author":"Hanlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12291","article-title":"Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: a focused review","volume":"24","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018440","article-title":"Cannabis use in patients with fibromyalgia: effect on symptoms relief and health-related quality of life","volume":"6","author":"Fiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/918216","article-title":"2012 Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary","volume":"18","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00085.x","article-title":"Experience with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone in chronic noncancer pain","volume":"7","author":"Berlach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790150","article-title":"Cannabis, pain, and sleep: lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of sativex\u00ae, a cannabis-based medicine","volume":"4","author":"Russo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem Biodivers."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181c76f70","article-title":"The effects of nabilone on sleep in fibromyalgia: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Ware","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0775-9","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabinoids, and sleep: a review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Babson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903487118","article-title":"Symptomatology and neuropsychological functioning in cannabis using subjects at ultra-high risk for developing psychosis and healthy controls","volume":"44","author":"Korver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.072249","article-title":"Psychosis reactivity to cannabis use in daily life: an experience sampling study","volume":"196","author":"Henquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.046375","article-title":"Effects of cannabis use on outcomes of psychotic disorders: systematic review","volume":"193","author":"Zammit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.252","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of schizophrenia: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"23","author":"Vaucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30176-2","article-title":"High-potency cannabis and incident psychosis: correcting the causal assumption \u2013 authors' reply","volume":"6","author":"Di Forti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.01.033","article-title":"A systematic review of the antipsychotic properties of cannabidiol in humans","volume":"162","author":"Iseger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112460109","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment","volume":"27","author":"Englund","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.006","article-title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: Implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction","volume":"57","author":"D'Souza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2174\/1574889809666140307115532","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Kucerova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106060967","article-title":"Cannabidiol monotherapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17030325","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"175","author":"McGuire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30290-X","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: a phase 2a, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, adaptive bayesian trial","volume":"7","author":"Freeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4885-9","article-title":"The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial","volume":"235","author":"Boggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-014-0018-7","article-title":"Impact of cannabis use on the development of psychotic disorders","volume":"1","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Addict Reports."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","article-title":"Association between cannabis and psychosis: epidemiologic evidence","volume":"79","author":"Gage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.01.022","article-title":"A preliminary study of endocannabinoid system regulation in psychosis: distinct alterations of CNR1 promoter DNA methylation in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"188","author":"D'Addario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.11.035","article-title":"Peripubertal cannabidiol treatment rescues behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in the MAM model of schizophrenia","volume":"146","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114004","article-title":"Altered dopamine D3 receptor gene expression in MAM model of schizophrenia is reversed by peripubertal cannabidiol treatment","volume":"177","author":"Stark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105357","article-title":"Crosstalk between the transcriptional regulation of dopamine D2 and cannabinoid CB1 receptors in schizophrenia: analyses in patients and in perinatal \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol-exposed rats","volume":"164","author":"Di Bartolomeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00130-8","article-title":"Potent questions about cannabis and mental health","volume":"2","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41S","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06002.x","article-title":"Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users","volume":"42","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000031422.66442.49","article-title":"Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use","volume":"59","author":"Bolla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1021\/mp060066m","article-title":"A molecular link between the active component of marijuana and alzheimer's disease pathology","volume":"3","author":"Eubanks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Pharm."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23452","article-title":"Ultralow doses of cannabinoid drugs protect the mouse brain from inflammation-induced cognitive damage","volume":"92","author":"Fishbein-Kaminietsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2007.09.008","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"56","author":"Micale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6037-3","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and \u03b2-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: effect of pharmacological elevation of endocannabinoid levels","volume":"63","author":"Van Der Stelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.08.026","article-title":"Amnesia induced by \u03b2-amyloid fragments is counteracted by cannabinoid CB1 receptor blockade","volume":"477","author":"Mazzola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007204","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007204.pub2","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia","volume":"2009","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199709)12:9<913::AID-GPS663>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Effects of Dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Volicer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001675","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"van den Elsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)30567-0","article-title":"The use of indian hemp in the treatment of chronic chloral and chronic opium poisoning","volume":"133","author":"Birch","year":"1889","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.684624","article-title":"Cannabis as an adjunct to or substitute for opiates in the treatment of chronic pain","volume":"44","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12044.x","article-title":"Impact of cannabis use during stabilization on methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"22","author":"Scavone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Addict."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.18101191","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the reduction of cue-induced craving and anxiety in drug-abstinent individuals with heroin use disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"176","author":"Hurd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2174\/138945010790980303","article-title":"Opioids and cannabinoids interactions: involvement in pain management","volume":"11","author":"Desroches","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02655-5","article-title":"Endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent mice","volume":"909","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2012.733465","article-title":"Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: a dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients","author":"Lucas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cannabinoid and opioid interactions: Implications for opiate dependence and withdrawal","author":"Scavone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2174\/138945010790980367","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms underlying the interaction between cannabinoid and opioid system","volume":"11","author":"Parolaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12183","article-title":"No evidence for reduction of opioid-withdrawal symptoms by cannabis smoking during a methadone dose taper","author":"Epstein","year":"2015"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.09.031","article-title":"Safety of oral dronabinol during opioid withdrawal in humans","volume":"157","author":"Jicha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000380","article-title":"Nonacute effects of cannabis use on motivation and reward sensitivity in humans: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Pacheco-Col\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.620073\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T06:57:12Z","timestamp":1615532232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.620073\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.620073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.620073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"article-number":"620073"}}