{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:24:25Z","timestamp":1790515465795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Individuals with severe mental illness experience increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Adverse effects of antipsychotics, including weight gain, may contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is associated with increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of clinical, biochemical and genetic factors associated with MetS among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders using second-generation antipsychotics (SGA).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A literature search was performed in Pubmed and Embase to identify all cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and clinical trials investigating associations with MetS in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders using SGAs. We extracted and enumerated clinical, biochemical and genetic factors reported to be associated with MetS. We defined factors associated with MetS as factors being reported as associated with MetS in two or more studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    58 studies were included in this review (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12,123). In total, 62 factors were found to be associated with increased risk of MetS. Thirty one out of 58 studies investigated factors that were reported as associated with MetS in two or more studies. With regard to clinical factors, we found gender, higher age, concomitant use of mood stabilizers, higher baseline and current BMI, earlier SGA exposure, higher dose, longer duration of treatment, psychosis and tobacco smoking to be significantly associated with MetS. Furthermore, the biochemical factors hypo-adiponectinemia, elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and higher white blood cell (WBC) count were identified as factors associated with MetS. Among pharmacogenetic factors, the rs1414334 C-allele of the HTR2C-gene was associated with MetS in patients using SGA.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In this systematic review investigating clinical, biochemical and genetic factors associated with MetS in patients using SGAs we found that higher age, higher baseline BMI, higher current BMI and male as well as female gender were positively associated with MetS across all antipsychotics. This study may set the stage for the application of clinical, biochemical and genetic factors to predict the risk of developing MetS in patients using SGAs. Future research is needed to determine which patients using SGAs are at risk to develop MetS in clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T01:35:20Z","timestamp":1616981720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Clinical, Biochemical and Genetic Variables Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Using Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marius H.","family":"Sneller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nini","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Everaars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Schuurmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Guloksuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiepke","family":"Cahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurjen J.","family":"Luykx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30078-0","article-title":"Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hjorth\u00f8j","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f2539","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2539","article-title":"The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers","volume":"346","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"645","article-title":"Schizofrenie en antipsychotica: samenhang met het metabool syndroom","volume":"10","author":"Scheepers-Hoeks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Psychiatr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome\u2013a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation","volume":"23","author":"Alberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetic Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr148","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia and related disorders\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000050","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in Okinawa, Japan","volume":"69","author":"Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.01.139","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the United States 2007\u20132014","volume":"259","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-010-0142-x","article-title":"Metabolic parameters in the short- and long-term treatment of schizophrenia with sertindole or risperidone","volume":"261","author":"de Hert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20252","article-title":"Risk of metabolic syndrome and its components in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Vancampfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.6.827","article-title":"Health and self-care practices of persons with schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Holmberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008186","article-title":"The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.284","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia","volume":"160","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006633","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006633.pub2","article-title":"Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Asenjo Lobos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition","volume":"161","author":"Lehman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1686","article-title":"Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis","volume":"156","author":"Allison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2008.10.005","article-title":"Clinical monitoring and management of the metabolic syndrome in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic medications","volume":"3","author":"Hasnain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Primary Care Diabetes."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.156","article-title":"Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs","volume":"8","author":"de Hert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.025","article-title":"Metabolic profiles of second-generation antipsychotics in early psychosis: findings from the CAFE study","volume":"111","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.10.010","article-title":"Antipsychotic drugs and obesity","volume":"17","author":"Correll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.05.006","article-title":"Effects of antipsychotic medications on appetite, weight, and insulin resistance","volume":"42","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0713","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus among outpatients receiving clozapine: prevalence and clinical-demographic correlates","volume":"66","author":"Lamberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-019-02739-5","article-title":"Insulin resistance induced by olanzapine and other second-generation antipsychotics in Chinese patients with schizophrenia: a comparative review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30416-X","article-title":"Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Pillinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.01.014","article-title":"The effects of antipsychotic therapy on serum lipids: a comprehensive review","volume":"70","author":"Meyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"27","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and atypical antipsychotic drugs","volume":"65","author":"Casey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61764-X","article-title":"Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Leucht","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001","article-title":"Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine","volume":"45","author":"Kane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.07.012","article-title":"Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Rummel-Kluge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12019","article-title":"The experience of weight gain as a result of taking second-generation antipsychotic medications: the mental health consumer perspective","volume":"20","author":"Usher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Mental Health Nursing."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01773.x","article-title":"Psychosocial processes influencing weight management among persons newly prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications: processes influencing weight management","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Mental Health Nursing."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2003.05.001","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced weight gain","volume":"49","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa002","article-title":"Using open questions to understand 650 people's experiences with antipsychotic drugs","volume":"46","author":"Read","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00137","article-title":"Increased mortality in schizophrenia due to cardiovascular disease \u2013 a non-systematic review of epidemiology, possible causes, and interventions","volume":"5","author":"Ringen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.14.50","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of second-generation antipsychotics","volume":"15","author":"Brennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519001-00001","article-title":"Second-Generation (Atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"19","author":"Newcomer","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0473-9","article-title":"Antipsychotic induced weight gain: genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers reviewed","volume":"16","author":"Shams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530315666150623092031","article-title":"Weight gain and metabolic changes during treatment with antipsychotics and antidepressants","volume":"15","author":"Himmerich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disorders Drug Targets."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657","article-title":"Excess early mortality in schizophrenia","volume":"10","author":"Laursen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Med."},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"Chapter 8: Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial | Cochrane Training"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35248\/2378-5756.19.22.462","article-title":"Olanzapine-Induced metabolic syndrome what can we learn from Africa, Sudan","volume":"22","author":"Mohamed Japir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00744","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in psychotic disorder patients treated with oral and long-acting injected antipsychotics","volume":"9","author":"Ventriglio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12777","article-title":"High prevalence of metabolic alterations in Latin American patients at initial stages of psychosis","volume":"13","author":"Iruretagoyena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Interven Psychiatry."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2019.342","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome in outpatients with psychosis: a comparative study between long acting injectable olanzapine and risperidone","volume":"15","author":"Dehelean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy075","article-title":"Orexin-A levels in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia taking antipsychotics","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12892","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of HTR2C, LEP and LEPR on metabolic syndromes in patients treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs","volume":"70","author":"Puangpetch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2983","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.2222.2983","article-title":"Prevalence of polymorphisms in the ANKK1, DRD2, DRD3 genes and metabolic syndrome in refractory schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Latino Am Enfermagem."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.07.022","article-title":"Application of plasma levels of olanzapine and N-desmethyl-olanzapine to monitor metabolic parameters in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"193","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001311","article-title":"High prevalence of prediabetes and metabolic abnormalities in overweight or obese schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine or olanzapine","volume":"24","author":"Larsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.03.021","article-title":"Leptin\/Adiponectin ratio as a potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2015.68","article-title":"Complement 3 and metabolic syndrome induced by clozapine: a cross-sectional study and retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072652","article-title":"Association study of Val66Met polymorphism in brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene with clozapine-induced metabolic syndrome: preliminary results","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"8","article-title":"Sex differences in antipsychotic related metabolic functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"47","author":"Kraal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800416653184","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia in inpatient rehabilitation wards","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Res Nursing."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2016.1165865","article-title":"Association between SCAP and SREBF1 gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-015-9384-0","article-title":"Relationship between metabolic syndrome and clinical features, and its personal-social performance in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"87","author":"Saatcioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2298\/SARH1512712P","article-title":"Long-term treatment with olanzapine in hospital conditions: prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"143","author":"Popovi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Srpski Arhiv Celokupno Lekarstvo."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.08.015","article-title":"Association between SREBF2 gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia","volume":"56","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progr Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(15)30669-6","article-title":"P.3.d.017 Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in patients on the long term atypical antipsychotic treatment","volume":"25","author":"Popovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9587-3","article-title":"Is abnormal non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol a gender-specific predictor for metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia taking second-generation antipsychotics?","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3410-4","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in patients taking clozapine: prevalence and influence of catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.13.220","article-title":"Association of FTO, LEPR and MTHFR gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotics","volume":"15","author":"Roffeei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.08.016","article-title":"Total and differential white blood cell counts, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome in non-affective psychoses","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immunity."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2012.6","article-title":"The influence of metabolic syndrome, physical activity and genotype on catechol-O-methyl transferase promoter-region methylation in schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Lott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31828bf288","article-title":"Genetic variants of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) are associated with metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics","volume":"33","author":"Liou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32835b99bd","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with alanine aminotransferase in clozapine-treated Korean patients with schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2013.366.372","article-title":"MicroRNA microarray analysis combined with interaction network analysis to investigate the influence of clozapine to metabolic syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2010.66","article-title":"Association between HTR2C gene polymorphisms and the metabolic syndrome in patients using antipsychotics: a replication study","volume":"12","author":"Risselada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2010.74","article-title":"Gene-gene interactions of the INSIG1 and INSIG2 in metabolic syndrome in schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics","volume":"12","author":"Liou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.03.043","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia in India","volume":"200","author":"Grover","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.02.005","article-title":"Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-\u03b32 gene, metabolic syndrome and response to metformin in clozapine-treated patients","volume":"137","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3182485888","article-title":"Risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in bipolar and schizophrenia subjects treated with antipsychotics: the role of folate pharmacogenetics","volume":"32","author":"Ellingrod","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.03.022","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean patients with schizophrenia receiving a monotherapy with aripiprazole, olanzapine or risperidone","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progr Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/tpj.2010.7","article-title":"Association study of MDR1 and 5-HT2C genetic polymorphisms and antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in female patients with schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Kuzman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-173","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia, and metabolic changes after 3 months of treatment with antipsychotics - results from a German observational study","volume":"11","author":"Kraemer","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2011.8.3.262","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in the HTR2C and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are not associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.84979","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine: a preliminary estimate","volume":"43","author":"Grover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.05.030","article-title":"MTHFR and risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"121","author":"van Winkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.02.1028","article-title":"Higher white blood cell counts are associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome and more severe psychopathology in non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia","volume":"118","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"96","article-title":"Metabool syndroom bij de behandeling met clozapine","volume":"144","author":"Steylen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmaceutisch Weekblad."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181934462","article-title":"HTR2C gene polymorphisms and the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: a replication study","volume":"29","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108093927","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in female patients with schizophrenia treated with second generation antipsychotics: a 3-month follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Medved","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.3.2.3","article-title":"An archival, follow-forward exploration of the metabolic syndrome in randomly selected, clozapine-treated patients","volume":"3","author":"Josiassen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.014","article-title":"Association of adiponectin and metabolic syndrome among patients taking atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2008.06.007","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome among patients attending an outpatient clozapine clinic in Australia","volume":"23","author":"Brunero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nursing."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.041723","article-title":"Influence of 5-HT2C receptor and leptin gene polymorphisms, smoking and drug treatment on metabolic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"192","author":"Yevtushenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/14789940701562519","article-title":"Characterization of metabolic syndrome among forensic psychiatric inpatients","volume":"19","author":"Ojala","year":"2008","journal-title":"J For Psychiatry Psychol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31818ce71f","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic outcomes in Chinese patients: a comparison of olanzapine and risperidone","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.09.030","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotics genotyped for the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C\/T and 1298A\/C variants","volume":"98","author":"Ellingrod","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.38.1.j","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among inpatients with schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Boke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-008-0156-9","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of the metabolic syndrome among patients prescribed clozapine","volume":"177","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Irish J Med Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3180a76dc0","article-title":"The association between HTR2C gene polymorphisms and the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Mulder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1202","article-title":"Adiponectin as a potential biomarker for the metabolic syndrome in Chinese patients taking clozapine for schizophrenia","volume":"68","author":"Bai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yic.0000188215.84784.17","article-title":"High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"H\u00e4gg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.v06n0205","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in hispanic and non-hispanic patients with schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Primary Care Comp J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.008","article-title":"Sex- and gender-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: a review of the literature","volume":"120","author":"Pucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08r04392","article-title":"Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent? A literature review","volume":"70","author":"Simon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.08.017","article-title":"Does antipsychotic polypharmacy increase the risk for metabolic syndrome?","volume":"89","author":"Correll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.08.009","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics related metabolic syndrome in bipolar patients","volume":"98","author":"Yumru","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n1205","article-title":"Bipolar disorder, obesity, and pharmacotherapy-associated weight gain","volume":"64","author":"Keck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.09.008","article-title":"A cross-sectional evaluation of adiponectin plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"106","author":"Hanssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200401000-00007","article-title":"Serum adiponectin concentrations during treatment with olanzapine or risperidone: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Togo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9800-y","article-title":"Pharmacological effects and regulatory mechanisms of tobacco smoking effects on food intake and weight control","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060414","article-title":"Drug interactions with smoking","volume":"64","author":"Kroon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004216","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004216","article-title":"Meta-analysis: the effects of smoking on the disposition of two commonly used antipsychotic agents, olanzapine and clozapine","volume":"4","author":"Tsuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500422","article-title":"The association between HTR2C polymorphisms and obesity in psychiatric patients using antipsychotics: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Mulder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.70","article-title":"Appropriateness of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio cutoffs for different ethnic groups","volume":"64","author":"Lear","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608321700","article-title":"Waist circumference measurement in clinical practice","volume":"23","author":"Ness-Abramof","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.842","article-title":"Metabolic differences between Asian and Caucasian patients on clozapine treatment","volume":"22","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625935\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T13:44:04Z","timestamp":1671716644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625935\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"article-number":"625935"}}