{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:37:00Z","timestamp":1791999420200,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study explores the current situation of anxiety disorder of pre-schoolers and assesses the association between family structure and anxiety disorder (AD) among pre-schoolers in Chongqing, China.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This is a cross-sectional study of 499 main fosterers of children aged 3\u20136 years who completed the 28-item Chinese version of the Spence Pre-school Anxiety Scale (PAS). Multinomial logistic regression with three models was used to assess the association of the family structure with the different AD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of AD was 31.46%, whose score of PAS were more than 48. Among the five different PAS sub-scales, the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was the highest (50.10%), followed by separation anxiety disorder (SAD, 39.28%), fear of physical harm (FPH, 37.68%), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD, 33.47%), and social phobia (SP, 25.85%). Pre-schoolers from inter-generational families were more probably have AD than those from nuclear families (OR = 3.73, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The participants from inter-generational families were more likely to have SAD (OR = 3.39, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), FPM (OR = 2.80, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), or OCD (OR = 2.40, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), in comparison with participants from other family structures.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Anxiety disorder among pre-schoolers aged 3\u20136 in Chongqing is widespread. Pre-schoolers from inter-generational families were more probably have AD, SAD, FPM, and OR and pre-schoolers from stem families may be less likely to have SAD compared with those from nuclear families. Relieving the anxiety of pre-schoolers may be possible with additional interventional efforts in inter-generational families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.626377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T18:20:32Z","timestamp":1634149232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association Between Family Structure and Anxiety Disorder Among Pre-schoolers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban Chongqing, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.12.002","article-title":"Anxiety in a neglected population: prevalence of anxiety disorders in pre-adolescent children","volume":"26","author":"Cartwright-Hatton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2009.02.004","article-title":"Psychiatric assessment of young children","volume":"18","author":"Egger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"[Early detection and dealing strategy on the child emotional problems]21720\n            SongZJ\n          Chin J Child Health Care.252017"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0505","article-title":"What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder?","volume":"65","author":"Bittner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.08.007","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and health anxiety in adulthood","volume":"38","author":"Reiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.008","article-title":"Preschool anxiety disorders in pediatric primary care: prevalence and comorbidity","volume":"52","author":"Franz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12222","article-title":"Depressive comorbidity in preschool anxiety disorder","volume":"55","author":"Klitzing","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-014-0460-8","article-title":"anxiety disorders and behavioral inhibition in preschool children: a population-based study","volume":"46","author":"Paulus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.16128\/j.cnki.1005-3611.2013.03.024","article-title":"Anxiety and related emotional disorders among the teenagers of rapid urbanization areas","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.05.017","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U","volume":"49","author":"Merikangas","year":"2010","journal-title":"adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication\u2013Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). 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