{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:08:48Z","timestamp":1787580528658,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increase in aggressive behaviors in adolescents has been observed for a few years. The participation in bullying is associated with many psychosocial difficulties in adolescent development. On the other hand, the help-seeking behavior can be one of the most important protective factors that reduce the risk for this type of violence. The study was aimed at estimating the risk factors, as well as the protective factors of school bullying, by using the Bayesian networks to build a model allowing to estimate the probability of occurrence of the aggressive and help-seeking behaviors among school children. The focus was on individual risk\/protective factors related to EAS temperament (emotionality, activity, and sociability) and variables related to the family context (level of cohesion, flexibility, family communication, and family life satisfaction). Bayesian methods have not been particularly mainstream in the social and medical sciences. The sample comprised 75 students (32 boys and 43 girls), aged 13\u201315 (M = 13.82; SD = 0.47). Assessment comprised The EAS Temperament Questionnaire, Family Adaptability &amp;amp; Cohesion Evaluation Scales FACES IV-SOR (Family Rating Scale), and Survey questionnaire. The Bayesian networks were applied. Depending on the values of the identified variables, very high <jats:italic>a posteriori<\/jats:italic> probability of bullying and help-seeking behaviors can be predicted. Four EAS subscales (Distress, Fear, Activity, Sociability) and two SOR subscales (Balanced Flexibility and Balanced Cohesion) were identified as predictors of bullying. Moreover, two SOR subscales (Family Communication and Life Family Satisfaction) and one EAS subscale (Sociability) were identified as predictors of help-seeking behaviors. The constructed network made it possible to show the influence of variables related to temperament and variables related to the family environment on the probability of bullying or the probability of seeking help and support. The Bayesian network model used in this study may be used in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T05:19:08Z","timestamp":1620969548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Risk of Bullying and Probability of Help-Seeking Behaviors in School Children: A Bayesian Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sitnik-Warchulska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Wajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Wojciechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadetta","family":"Izydorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7452","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207452","article-title":"Continuity and overlap of roles in victims and aggressors of bullying and cyberbullying in adolescence: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Est\u00e9vez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038929","article-title":"Understanding the psychology of bullying: moving toward a social-ecological diathesis-stress model","volume":"70","author":"Swearer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2017.1279740","article-title":"Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions","volume":"22","author":"Menesini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115030","article-title":"Bullying in schools: the power of bullies and the plight of victims","volume":"65","author":"Juvonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-020-09756-2","article-title":"Cyberbullying and bullying: impact on psychological symptoms and well-being","volume":"14","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Indic Res."},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"InchleyJ\n            CurrieD\n            BudisavljevicS\n            TorsheimT\n            J\u00e5stadA\n            CosmaA\n          HBSCSpotlight on Adolescent Health and Well-Being Survey in Europe and Canada International Report Volume 1. Key Findings2018"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417726583","article-title":"Prospective associations between personality and bullying among Australian adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20099","article-title":"Psychological correlates of peer victimisation in preschool: social cognitive skills, executive function, and attachment profiles","volume":"31","author":"Monks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(05)37005-5","article-title":"An integrative theory of intergroup contact","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Exp Soc Psychol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X09339057","article-title":"An educational psychology success story: social interdependence theory and cooperative learning","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Educ Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2014.947223","article-title":"Using systems theory to understand and respond to family influences on children's bullying behavior: friendly schools friendly families program","volume":"53","author":"Cross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theory Pract."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12738\/estp.2019.4.001","article-title":"Individual, family, peer, and school risk factors for teacher victimization","volume":"19","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Sci Theory Pract."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.03.004","article-title":"Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying roles","volume":"45","author":"Zych","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.05.003","article-title":"The relationship between compulsive buying, eating disorder symptoms, and temperament in a sample of female students","volume":"52","author":"Claes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1462-1","article-title":"Why do children and adolescents bully their peers? A critical review of key theoretical frameworks","volume":"53","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2018.00048","article-title":"Early predictors of child's bully and victim statuses: a longitudinal investigation using parent, teacher, and student reports from national data","volume":"3","author":"Natesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Educ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.18502\/ijps.v14i3.1328","article-title":"Bullying and victimization among students bears relationship with gender and emotional and behavioral problems","volume":"14","author":"Mohseny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704919847450","article-title":"Temperament, bullying, and dating aggression: longitudinal associations for adolescents in a romantic relationship","volume":"17","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol Psychol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.11.046","article-title":"Bullying victimization is associated with dysfunctional emotional traits and affective temperaments","volume":"148","author":"Frizzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030388","article-title":"For whom is anti-bullying intervention most effective? The role of temperament","volume":"16","author":"Nocentini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12521","article-title":"Telling adults about one's plight as a victim of bullying: student- and context-related factors predicting disclosure","volume":"61","author":"Blomqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v7.i1.60","article-title":"Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306667","article-title":"Long-term effects of bullying","volume":"100","author":"Wolke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2014.928640","article-title":"Bullying in context: an analysis of psychosomatic complaints among adolescents in Stockholm","volume":"14","author":"Modin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sch Violence."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519895355","article-title":"Bullying, health complaints, and self-rated health among school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Hansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413508456","article-title":"Bullying in children and adolescents: a modifiable risk factor for mental illness","volume":"48","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-3588.00333","article-title":"Coping strategies of secondary school children in response to being bullied","volume":"6","author":"Naylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Div Health Soc Care."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/03054980601094594","article-title":"Bullying and the politics of \u201cTelling\u201d","volume":"33","author":"Oliver","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oxford Rev Educ."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568200007002005","article-title":"What good schools can do about bullying: findings from a survey in english schools after a decade of research and action","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Childhood."},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Adolescents, Social Support and Help-Seeking Behaviour: An International Literature Review and Programme Consultation with Recommendations for Action.","author":"Barker","year":"2007"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12679","article-title":"Students' reports of severe violence in school as a tool for early detection and prevention","volume":"88","author":"Yablon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01507-4","article-title":"Telling an adult at school about bullying: subsequent victimization and internalizing problems","volume":"28","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2015.1066758","article-title":"Implementing the KiVa antibullying program: recognition of victimized students","volume":"36","author":"Haataja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educ Psychol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1348\/0007099041552378","article-title":"Help seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of peer-aggression and bullying: the influence of school-stage, gender, victimisation, appraisal, and emotion","volume":"74","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9441-9","article-title":"Seek help from teachers or fight back? Student perceptions of teachers' actions during conflicts and responses to peer victimization","volume":"39","author":"Aceves","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000078","article-title":"To tell or not to tell: what influences children's decisions to report bullying to their teachers?","volume":"29","author":"Cortes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Q."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s10447-020-09407-9","article-title":"Combining teaching and counseling roles: implications for students' willingness to seek help for bullying","volume":"42","author":"Yablon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Adv Counsell."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410903573123","article-title":"Telling is compelling: the impact of student reports of bullying on teacher intervention","volume":"30","author":"Novick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educ Psychol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77119-9_17","article-title":"Current perspectives on linking school bullying research to effective prevention strategies","volume-title":"School Violence and Primary Prevention","author":"Espelage","year":"2008"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470684023","volume-title":"Bayesian Networks. An Introduction","author":"Kosi","year":"2009"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199233298.001.0001","volume-title":"Cognition and Conditionals: Probability and Logic in Human Thinking","author":"Oaksford","year":"2010"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"504","article-title":"Bayesian hierarchical models of cognition","volume-title":"New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology.","author":"Rouder","year":""},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009730122752","article-title":"Bayesian networks for data mining","volume":"1","author":"Heckerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl Discov."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68282-2","volume-title":"Bayesian Networks and Decision Graphs","author":"Jensen","year":"2007"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811357","volume-title":"Modeling and Reasoning with Bayesian Networks","author":"Darwiche","year":"2009"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1968.1054142","article-title":"Approximating discrete probability distributions with dependence trees","volume":"14","author":"Chow","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory."},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"[Arnold H. Buss' and Robert Plomin's EAS Temperament Survey for Adults and Children. Polish Adaptation. Manua. [EAS-podrecznik. Kwestionariusz Temperamentu Bussa i Plomina]","author":"Oniszczenko","year":"1997"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2009.00175.x","article-title":"FACES IV and the circumplex model: validation study","volume":"37","author":"Olson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1515\/pjap-2015-0025","article-title":"The polish adaptation of FACES IV-SOR","volume":"13","author":"Margasi\u0144ski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol J Appl Psychol."},{"key":"B50","volume-title":"Polish Adaptation FACES IV Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales by David H. Olson [Skale Oceny Rodziny). Polska adaptacja FACES IV-Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales Davida H. Olsona]","author":"Margasi\u0144ski","year":"2009"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12004","article-title":"A general structure for legal arguments about evidence using bayesian networks","volume":"37","author":"Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cog Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.122","article-title":"Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Rothbart","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20155","article-title":"Direct and indirect bully-victims: differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization","volume":"32","author":"Marini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20271","article-title":"Temperament, ADHD and peer relations among schoolchildren: the mediating role of school bullying","volume":"34","author":"Bacchini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21667","article-title":"Physical and relational bullying and victimization: differential relations with adolescent dating and sexual behavior","volume":"43","author":"Dane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"111","article-title":"An evolutionary psychological perspective of indirect aggression in girls and women","volume-title":"The Development of Relational Aggression","author":"Vaillancourt","year":""},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E76","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2017.73","article-title":"Aggressors and victims in bullying and cyberbullying: a study of personality profiles using the five-factor model","volume":"20","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Span J Psychol."},{"key":"B58","unstructured":"An investigation of violent and nonviolent adolescents' family functioning, problems concerning family members, anger and anger expression6576\n            AvciR\n            G\u00fc\u00e7raySS\n          Educ Sci Theory Pract.102010"},{"key":"B59","unstructured":"An investigation of the family characteristics of bullies, victims, and positively behaving adolescents82132\n            \u00d6nderFC\n            YurtalF\n          Educ Sci Theory Pract.82008"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819cb017","article-title":"School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children's bullying involvement: a nationally representative longitudinal study","volume":"48","author":"Bowes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.11.260","article-title":"Bullying at school: the role of family","volume":"29","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Soc Behav Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1410749","article-title":"Involvement in bullying among left-behind children in provincial chinese cities: the role of perceived emotional support","volume":"28","author":"Otake","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-35392019012847","article-title":"Multifactorial impact of family environment in bullying among boys and girls","volume":"23","author":"Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psicol Esc Educ."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.02.003","article-title":"The effect of parental style on bullying and cyber bullying behaviors and the mediating role of peer attachment relationships: a longitudinal study","volume":"64","author":"Charalampous","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21614","article-title":"Participant roles of bullying in adolescence: status characteristics, social behavior, and assignment criteria","volume":"42","author":"Pouwels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640927\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T05:19:22Z","timestamp":1620969562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640927\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.640927","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"article-number":"640927"}}