{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:26:22Z","timestamp":1778678782416,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the presence of neurodevelopmental regression and its effects on the clinical manifestations and the severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a group of children with autism compared with those without neurodevelopmental regression at the time of initial classification and subsequently.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods and Subjects:<\/jats:bold> ASD patients were classified into two subgroups, neurodevelopmental regressive (AMR) and non-regressive (ANMR), using a questionnaire based on the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised test. The severity of ASD and neurodevelopment were assessed with the <jats:italic>Childhood Autism Rating Scale Test-2, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pervasive Developmental Disorders Behavior Inventory Parent Ratings<\/jats:italic> (PDDBI) and with the Battelle Developmental Inventory tests at the beginning of the study and after 24 months of follow-up. Fifty-two patients aged 2\u20136 years with ASD were included. Nineteen were classified with AMR, and 33 were classified with ANMR.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The AMR subgroup presented greater severity of autistic symptoms and higher autism scores. Additionally, they showed lower overall neurodevelopment. The AMR subgroup at 24 months had poorer scores on the Battelle Developmental Inventory test in the following areas: Total personal\/social (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.03), Total Motor (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.04), Expressive (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), and Battelle Total (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.04). On the PDDBI test, the AMR subgroup had scores indicating significantly more severe ASD symptoms in the variables: ritual score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.038), social approach behaviors (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.048), expressive language (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.002), and autism score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.003).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> ASD patients exhibited a set of different neurological phenotypes. The AMR and ANMR subgroups presented different clinical manifestations and prognoses in terms of the severity of autistic symptoms and neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.644324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T05:05:40Z","timestamp":1616735140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Neurodevelopmental Regression Present a Severe Pattern After a Follow-Up at 24 Months"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pilar","family":"Martin-Borreguero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Rafael","family":"G\u00f3mez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"De La 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