{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:20:37Z","timestamp":1767896437723,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA021421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA021421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01DA021421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01DA021421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CE003296-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CE003296-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K01CE003160-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K01CE003160-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Psychopathy and substance use disorders (SUDs) are both characterized by neurocognitive impairments reflecting higher levels of impulsivity such as reward-driven decision-making and deficient inhibitory control. Previous studies suggest that psychopathy may exacerbate decision-making deficits, but it may be unrelated to other neurocognitive impairments among substance dependent individuals (SDIs). The aim of the present study was to examine the role of psychopathy and its interpersonal-affective and impulsive-antisocial dimensions in moderating the relationships between dependence on different classes of drugs and neurocognitive domains of impulsivity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> We tested 693 participants (112 heroin mono-dependent individuals, 71 heroin polysubstance dependent individuals, 115 amphetamine mono-dependent individuals, 76 amphetamine polysubstance dependent individuals, and 319 non-substance dependent control individuals). Participants were administered the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) and seven neurocognitive tasks measuring impulsive choice\/decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task; Cambridge Gambling Task; Kirby Delay Discounting Task; Balloon Analog Risk Task), and impulsive action\/response inhibition (Go\/No-Go Task, Immediate Memory Task, and Stop Signal Task).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A series of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that the interpersonal-affective dimension of psychopathy moderated the association between decision-making, response inhibition and both amphetamine and heroin dependence, albeit differently. For amphetamine users, low levels of interpersonal-affective traits predicted poor decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task and better response inhibition on the Stop Signal task. In contrast, in heroin users high interpersonal-affective psychopathy traits predicted lower risk taking on the Cambridge Gambling Task and better response inhibition on the Go\/No-Go task. The impulsive-antisocial dimension of psychopathy predicted poor response inhibition in both amphetamine and heroin users.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our findings reveal that psychopathy and its dimensions had both common and unique effects on neurocognitive function in heroin and amphetamine dependent individuals. Our results suggest that the specific interactions between psychopathy dimensions and dependence on different classes of drugs may lead to either deficient or superior decision-making and response inhibition performance in SDIs, suggesting that psychopathy may paradoxically play a protective role for some neurocognitive functions in specific subtypes of substance users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.660810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T06:33:27Z","timestamp":1623220407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Psychopathy on Neurocognitive Domains of Impulsivity in Abstinent Opiate and Stimulant Users"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Psederska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiril","family":"Bozgunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Nedelchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Vasilev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Vassileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783","article-title":"Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity","volume":"158","author":"Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180137","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0137","article-title":"Impulsivities and addictions: a multidimensional integrative framework informing assessment and interventions for substance use disorders","volume":"374","author":"Vassileva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philoso Trans R Soc B."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00477.x","article-title":"Contribution of impulsivity and novelty-seeking to the acquisition and maintenance of MDMA self-administration","volume":"18","author":"Bird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1583","article-title":"Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction","volume":"8","author":"Kreek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.04.018","article-title":"Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction","volume":"93","author":"Crews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x","article-title":"Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes","volume":"14","author":"de Wit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.11.020","article-title":"Heroin and amphetamine users display opposite relationships between trait and neurobehavioral dimensions of impulsivity","volume":"39","author":"Vassileva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481","article-title":"Varieties of impulsivity","volume":"146","author":"Evenden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.06.001","article-title":"Measurement of constructs using self-report and behavioral lab tasks: is there overlap in nomothetic span and construct representation for impulsivity?","volume":"31","author":"Cyders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6,768::AID-JCLP2270510607.3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00064-7","article-title":"The five factor model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity","volume":"30","author":"Whiteside","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Diff."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093253","article-title":"Trait impulsivity and the externalizing spectrum","volume":"13","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000100","article-title":"Rapid-response impulsivity: definitions, measurement issues, clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000099","article-title":"Choice impulsivity: definitions, measurement issues, clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pers Disord Theory Res Treat."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.07.011","article-title":"Impulsive choice and impulsive action predict vulnerability to distinct stages of nicotine seeking in rats","volume":"63","author":"Diergaarde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00503","article-title":"Impulsive action and impulsive choice are mediated by distinct neuropharmacological substrates in rat","volume":"15","author":"Paterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03195467","article-title":"Immediate and delayed memory tasks: a computerized behavioral measure of memory, attention, and impulsivity","volume":"34","author":"Dougherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701522724","article-title":"Performance of cocaine dependent individuals and controls on a response inhibition task with varying levels of difficulty","volume":"33","author":"Lane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016","article-title":"Behavioral and neuroeconomics of drug addiction: competing neural systems and temporal discounting processes","volume":"90","author":"Bickel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x","article-title":"Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls","volume":"99","author":"Kirby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0096-3445.128.1.78","article-title":"Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls","volume":"128","author":"Kirby","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00091-8","article-title":"Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.8.2.75","article-title":"Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: the balloon analogue risk task (BART)","volume":"8","author":"Lejeuz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(00)00136-6","article-title":"Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers","volume":"39","author":"Bechara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.09.009","article-title":"21st century neurobehavioral theories of decision making in addiction: review and evaluation","volume":"164","author":"Bickel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.09.007","article-title":"Differences in decision-making as a function of drug of choice","volume":"164","author":"Gowin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301326","article-title":"Post-error behavior in active cocaine users: poor awareness of errors in the presence of intact performance adjustments","volume":"32","author":"Hester","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0","article-title":"Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"MacKillop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00090-5","article-title":"Discounting of money, health, and freedom in substance abusers and controls","volume":"71","author":"Petry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.06.032","article-title":"Cognitive impulsivity in cocaine and heroin polysubstance abusers","volume":"32","author":"Verdejo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.17.3.417","article-title":"Risk-taking on tests sensitive to ventromedial prefrontal cortex dysfunction predicts early relapse in alcohol dependency: a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Bowden-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000339290","article-title":"Affective decision-making is predictive of three-month relapse in polysubstance-dependent alcoholics","volume":"19","author":"De Wilde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro Addict Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.008","article-title":"Neuropsychological predictors of clinical outcome in opiate addiction","volume":"94","author":"Passetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.015","article-title":"Risky decision-making predicts short-term outcome of community but not residential treatment for opiate addiction. Implications for case management","volume":"118","author":"Passetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171500001X","article-title":"Impulsive choice predicts short-term relapse in substance-dependent individuals attending an in-patient detoxification programme","volume":"45","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023617","article-title":"Delay discounting is associated with treatment response among cocaine-dependent outpatients","volume":"19","author":"Washio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12283","article-title":"Multiple behavioural impulsivity tasks predict prospective alcohol involvement in adolescents","volume":"108","author":"Fernie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.07.012","article-title":"Adolescents' fMRI activation to a response inhibition task predicts future substance use","volume":"38","author":"Mahmood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Behav."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000199028.76452.a9","article-title":"Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders","volume":"45","author":"Nigg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.019","article-title":"Neural activation during inhibition predicts initiation of substance use in adolescence","volume":"119","author":"Norman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3104","article-title":"Opiate versus psychostimulant addiction: the differences do matter","volume":"12","author":"Badiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.261","article-title":"The development and maintenance of drug addiction","volume":"39","author":"Wise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/s0376-8716(01)00206-x","article-title":"Impaired inhibitory control of behavior in chronic cocaine users","volume":"66","author":"Fillmore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-21-07839.2003","article-title":"Cingulate hypoactivity in cocaine users during a GO-NOGO task as revealed by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Kaufman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.02.002","article-title":"Deficits in response inhibition associated with chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"79","author":"Monterosso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.09.011","article-title":"Opiate addicts lack error-dependent activation of rostral anterior cingulate","volume":"55","author":"Forman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.04.033","article-title":"Impaired response inhibition function in abstinent heroin dependents: an fMRI study","volume":"438","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00013-3","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in methadone maintenance patients","volume":"67","author":"Mintzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0632-8","article-title":"Profile of executive deficits in cocaine and heroin polysubstance users: common and differential effects on separate executive components","volume":"190","author":"Verdejo-Garc\u00eda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.13.4.311","article-title":"Differences in impulsivity and risk-taking propensity between primary users of crack cocaine and primary users of heroin in a residential substance-use program","volume":"13","author":"Bornovalova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00849","article-title":"Decision-making in stimulant and opiate addicts in protracted abstinence: evidence from computational modeling with pure users","volume":"5","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2205-7","article-title":"Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals","volume":"180","author":"Ersche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.008","article-title":"Machine-learning identifies substance-specific behavioral markers for opiate and stimulant dependence","volume":"161","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.03.960","article-title":"Machine learning identifies common and specific markers of dependence on five different classes of drugs","volume":"85","author":"Vassileva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biolog Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.012","article-title":"Decision-making deficits are still present in heroin abusers after short- to long-term abstinence","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.02.023","article-title":"Intact inhibitory control processes in abstinent drug abusers (II): a high-density electrical mapping study in former cocaine and heroin addicts","volume":"82","author":"Morie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00239","article-title":"Decision-making under risk, but not under ambiguity, predicts pathological gambling symptoms in discrete types of abstinent substance users","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.01.029","article-title":"The neurobiology of successful abstinence","volume":"23","author":"Garavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.03.004","article-title":"Drug abstinence and cognitive control in methamphetamine-dependent individuals","volume":"37","author":"Salo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Substan Abuse Treat."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10040499","article-title":"Effects of stress on decision-making deficits in formerly heroin-dependent patients after different durations of abstinence","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452","article-title":"Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct","volume":"4","author":"Hare","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B63","volume-title":"Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist\u2013Revised","author":"Hare","year":"1991"},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist \u2013 Revised, 2nd Edn","author":"Hare","year":"2003"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.2.3.338","article-title":"The revised psychopathy checklist: reliability and factor structure","volume":"2","author":"Hare","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Assess J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1.6","article-title":"Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: construct validity and assessment implications","volume":"1","author":"Harpur","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Assess J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.127.5.456","article-title":"An empirical classification of psychopathic personality","volume":"127","author":"Blackburn","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.104.9.523","article-title":"The myth of the psychopathic personality","volume":"104","author":"Karpman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1348\/135532504X15376","article-title":"Psychopathy versus psychopathies in classifying criminal offenders","volume":"10","author":"Vassileva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Legal Criminol Psychol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.16.3.276","article-title":"Identifying psychopathy subtypes on the basis of personality structure","volume":"16","author":"Hicks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.02.003","article-title":"Impulsivity and psychopathy: associations between the barrett impulsivity scale and the psychopathy checklist revised","volume":"187","author":"Snowden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.6.638","article-title":"Using the FFM to conceptualize psychopathy: a test using a drug abusing sample","volume":"21","author":"Derefinko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pers Disord."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843x.99.4.430","article-title":"Alcohol and drug abuse-dependence disorders in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic criminal offenders","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B74","first-page":"495","article-title":"Psychopathy and substance use disorders","volume-title":"Handbook of Psychopathy.","author":"Taylor","year":"2006"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/s0376-8716(98)00015-5","article-title":"Prediction of 7 months methadone maintenance treatment response by four measures of antisociality","volume":"49","author":"Alterman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023435924569","article-title":"Adolescents with psychopathic characteristics in a substance abusing cohort: treatment process and outcomes","volume":"27","author":"O'Neill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854802251010","article-title":"Psychopathy and treatment response in incarcerated female substance abusers","volume":"30","author":"Richards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.4.522","article-title":"Psychopathy, risk taking, and attention: a differentiated test of the somatic marker hypothesis","volume":"113","author":"L\u00f6sel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.538","article-title":"Testing Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis with psychopathic individuals: risk takers or risk averse?","volume":"108","author":"Schmitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033162","article-title":"Neuropsychology of decision making and psychopathy in high-risk ex-offenders","volume":"27","author":"Beszterczey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012277125119","article-title":"Somatic markers and response reversal: is there orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in boys with psychopathic tendencies?","volume":"29","author":"Blair","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.11.031","article-title":"Impaired decision-making on the basis of both reward and punishment information in individuals with psychopathy","volume":"41","author":"Blair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pers Indivi Diff."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030261","article-title":"Impaired making-decision and empathy disorder in psychopathy","volume":"23","author":"Boulanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Psychiatry."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00056-8","article-title":"Risky decisions and response reversal: is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals?","volume":"40","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200206120-00009","article-title":"Defective somatic markers in sub-clinical psychopathy","volume":"13","author":"van Honk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.015","article-title":"Impaired decision making in psychopathic heroin addicts","volume":"86","author":"Vassileva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.02.004","article-title":"Reduced frontal activity during response inhibition in individuals with psychopathic traits: An sLORETA study","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.06.018","article-title":"Aberrant response inhibition and task switching in psychopathic individuals","volume":"229","author":"Krakowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00110-b","article-title":"Ventral frontal deficits in psychopathy: neuropsychological test findings","volume":"33","author":"Lapierre","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2337(200011)26:6<413::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition deficits in juvenile psychopaths","volume":"26","author":"Roussy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.03.017","article-title":"Response inhibition in psychopathy: the frontal N2 and P3","volume":"418","author":"Munro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.021","article-title":"Psychopathic heroin addicts are not uniformly impaired across neurocognitive domains of impulsivity","volume":"114","author":"Vassileva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025308","article-title":"Inhibitory control and negative emotional processing in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder","volume":"121","author":"Verona","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203703304","volume-title":"Understanding Psychopathy: The Biopsychosocial Perspective","author":"Thomson","year":"2019"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.09.009","article-title":"Secondary psychopathy, but not primary psychopathy, is associated with risky decision-making in noninstitutionalized young adults","volume":"54","author":"Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Personality and individual differences."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00901.x","article-title":"Influence of antisocial and psychopathic traits on decision-making biases in alcoholics","volume":"33","author":"Miranda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20415","article-title":"Differential associations between psychopathy dimensions, types of aggression, response inhibition","volume":"38","author":"Feilhauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.083","article-title":"Response inhibition in the parametric Go\/No-Go task in psychopathic offenders","volume":"250","author":"Weidacker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614560744","article-title":"Altering the cognitive-affective dysfunctions of psychopathic and externalizing offender subtypes with cognitive remediation","volume":"3","author":"Baskin-Sommers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2019.01.001","article-title":"Which features of psychopathy and impulsivity matter most for prison violence? New evidence among female prisoners","volume":"64","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0735","article-title":"The raven's progressive matrices: change and stability over culture and time","volume":"41","author":"Raven","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognit Psychol."},{"key":"B102","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR, 2000)","year":"2000"},{"key":"B103","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV)","author":"First","year":"1996"},{"key":"B104","volume-title":"Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version","author":"Hart","year":"1995"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9405-6","article-title":"Psychopathy in Bulgaria: the cross-cultural generalizability of the hare psychopathy checklist","volume":"36","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.11.2189","article-title":"Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions","volume":"123","author":"Bechara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03206401","article-title":"Laboratory behavioral measures of impulsivity","volume":"37","author":"Dougherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods."},{"key":"B108","volume-title":"Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107593","article-title":"Decision making of individuals with heroin addiction receiving opioid maintenance treatment compared to early abstinent users","volume":"205","author":"Kriegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.047","article-title":"Distinct neural mechanisms of risk and ambiguity: a meta-analysis of decision-making","volume":"32","author":"Krain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030039","article-title":"Impulsivity and response modulation deficits in psychopathy: evidence from the ERN and N1","volume":"122","author":"Heritage","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.04.001","article-title":"Neuropsychological correlates of psychopathic traits in a non-incarcerated sample","volume":"41","author":"Sellbom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Res Pers."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1135350","article-title":"Response inhibition in the parametric go\/no-go task and its relation to impulsivity and subclinical psychopathy","volume":"70","author":"Weidacker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013170","article-title":"Automatic and controlled response inhibition: associative learning in the go\/no-go and stop-signal paradigms","volume":"137","author":"Verbruggen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1127-6","article-title":"The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go\/no-go tasks","volume":"199","author":"Eagle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2010.01100.x","article-title":"Towards an ontology of cognitive control","volume":"2","author":"Lenartowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Topics Cognit Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186774","article-title":"Do all inhibitions act alike? A study of go\/no-go and stop-signal paradigms","volume":"12","author":"Littman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2007.21.2.102","article-title":"The super-ordinate nature of the psychopathy checklist-revised","volume":"21","author":"Neumann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pers Disord."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21816","article-title":"Sex differences on the four-facet model of psychopathy predict physical, verbal, indirect aggression","volume":"45","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggress Behav."},{"key":"B120","unstructured":"Bonferroni adjustments in tests for regression coefficients16\n            MundfromDJ\n            PerrettJJ\n            SchafferJ\n            PicconeA\n            RoozeboomM\n          Mult Linear Regress Viewpoints322006"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.660810\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T06:33:42Z","timestamp":1623220422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.660810\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.660810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.660810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"article-number":"660810"}}