{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:23:23Z","timestamp":1792689803233,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>Psychological recidivism-reducing interventions with serious, young violent offenders in residential care have unsatisfactory effects. We tested if a complementary individual cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) intervention focusing problem-solving, cognitive self-control, and relapse prevention reduces criminal recidivism beyond usual institutional care encompassing interventions such as social skills training and prosocial modeling (treatment-as-usual; TAU).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>We consecutively approached 115 eligible serious, male violent crime offenders in five residential treatment homes run by the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care. Eighty-one (70%) 16 to 21-year-old youth at medium-high violent recidivism risk were included and randomized to an individualized 15 to 20-session CBT intervention plus TAU (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 38) or to TAU-only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 43), 4\u20136 months before release to the community. Participants were assessed pre- and post-treatment, at 12 months (self-reported aggressive behavior, reconvictions) and 24 months (reconvictions) after release. Intent-to-treat analyses were applied.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>The violent reconviction rate was slightly higher for iCBT+TAU vs. TAU-only youth at 12 months (34 vs. 23%,<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>= 0.30, 95% CI: \u22120.24 to 0.84) and 24 months following release (50 vs. 40%,<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>= 0.23, 95% CI: \u22120.25 to 0.72), but neither of these differences were significant. Cox regression modeling also suggested non-significantly, negligibly to slightly more violent, and any criminal recidivism in iCBT+TAU vs. TAU-only youth during the entire follow-up. Further, we found no significant between-group differences in conduct problems, aggression, and antisocial cognitions, although both iCBT+TAU and TAU-only participants reported small to large within-group reductions across outcome measures at post-treatment. Finally, the 12-month follow-up suggested marginally more DSM-5 Conduct Disorder (CD) symptoms of \u201caggression to people and animals\u201d in iCBT+TAU vs. TAU-only youth (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>= 0.10, 95% CI: \u22120.40 to 0.60) although this difference was not significant.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>We found no additive effect of individual CBT beyond group-based TAU in residential psychological treatment for serious, young male violent offenders. Limited sample size and substantial treatment dropout reduced the robustness of intent-to-treat effect estimates. We discuss the possible impact of treatment dose and integrity, participant retention, and TAU quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.670957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T05:17:09Z","timestamp":1627881429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effectiveness of an Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Serious, Young Male Violent Offenders: Randomized Controlled Study With Twenty-Four-Month Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Lard\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"H\u00f6gstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Violence Prevention.","year":"2014"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"The Swedish Crime Survey 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"MorganRE TrumanJL Washington, DCBureau of Justice StatisticsCriminal Victimization, 2019.2020"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Treatment Effectiveness in Secure Corrections of Serious (Violent or Chronic) Juvenile Offenders","author":"Morales","year":"2010"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"A Systematic Review of the National and International Evidence on the Effectiveness of Interventions With Violent Offenders","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2007"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RichardsK Canberra, ACTAustralian Institute of CriminologyWhat Makes Juvenile Offenders Different From Adult Offenders? 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