{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T11:57:22Z","timestamp":1792238242762,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There appear to be two peaks of incidence of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one with a pre-adolescent onset and another in early adulthood. As new cases are added, the cumulative prevalence of OCD increases, but the great majority of cases have an onset in youth. The notion that early onset OCD represents a unique developmental subtype of the disorder has been considered by many researchers based on several specific age-related factors. Ascertainment and early intervention in affected youth is critical to abbreviate the functional impairments associated with untreated illness. In this paper we review the clinical, familial and translational biomarker correlates seen in early onset OCD that support the notion of a developmental subtype and discuss implications for research and treatment aimed at this cohort. The importance of cognitive, academic and social development tasks of childhood and adolescence, illness-specific and familial factors, and immune-mediated inflammatory factors are discussed, with their implications for management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.678538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T13:40:42Z","timestamp":1624628442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Developmental Considerations in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Comparing Pediatric and Adult-Onset Cases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Geller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saffron","family":"Homayoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322126313","article-title":"Impact of comorbidity on treatment response to paroxetine in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: is the use of exclusion criteria empirically supported in randomized clinical trials?","volume":"13","author":"Geller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.040","article-title":"Principal components anaylsis of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents","volume":"61","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02780-0","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive disorder in very young children\u2014a case series from a specialized outpatient clinic","volume":"20","author":"Brezinka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"17","article-title":"Fear conditioning and extinction in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"29","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110283","article-title":"Neurocognitive endophenotypes in pediatric OCD probands, their unaffected parents and siblings","volume":"110","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1899","article-title":"Adults with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"158","author":"Rosario-Campos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.06.007","article-title":"Early versus late onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence for distinct subtypes","volume":"31","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-010-0087-7","article-title":"Genetics of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"19","author":"Walitza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00302.x","article-title":"Long term outcome of pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature","volume":"110","author":"Stewart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2095","article-title":"Association of perinatal risk factors with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a population-based birth cohort, sibling control study","volume":"73","author":"Brander","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.017","article-title":"Pre- and perinatal complications in relation to Tourette syndrome and co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"82","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.10.010","article-title":"Combining genetic and epigenetic parameters of the serotonin transporter gene in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"96","author":"Grunblatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000314","article-title":"Clinical advances in obsessive compulsive disorder: a position statement by the international college of obsessive compulsive spectrum disorders","volume":"35","author":"Fineberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inter Clin Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.678-a","article-title":"The boy who couldn't stop washing: the experience and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"148","author":"Rapoport","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198811000-00018","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence: an epidemiological study","volume":"27","author":"Flament","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.4.324","article-title":"Prevalence of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder in the British nationwide survey of child mental health","volume":"179","author":"Heyman","year":"2001","journal-title":"British J Psych."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2656","article-title":"Familial clustering of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"72","author":"Browne","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94","article-title":"The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"15","author":"Ruscio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"5","article-title":"The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Weissman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2016.1207087","article-title":"Childhood, adolescent and adult age at onset and related clinical correlates in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)","volume":"20","author":"Dell'Osso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2000)11:4<163::AID-DA3>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Clinical correlates of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents referred to specialized and non-specialized clinical settings","volume":"11","author":"Geller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30205-3","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.76","article-title":"A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"152","author":"Pauls","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145701002395","article-title":"Disentangling chronological age from age of onset in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"4","author":"Geller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-015-0598-4","article-title":"Epidemiological perspectives of diabetes","volume":"73","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i6.270","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Reinehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Diabetes."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001829","article-title":"Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"15","author":"Fineberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3523","article-title":"Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of the full spectrum of diagnosed mental disorders in childhood and adolescence","volume":"77","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000400014","article-title":"Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder- a literature review","volume":"33","author":"Mathis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2016.1258353","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety symptoms and disorders in the transgender population: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Millet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Transgenderism."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199001000-00004","article-title":"Childhood rituals: normal development or obsessive-compulsive symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Leonard","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.10.014","article-title":"Mediators and moderators of functional impairment in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Storch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.05.047","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of web-camera delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"189","author":"Storch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01276-x","article-title":"Hoarding in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence, clinical correlates, and cognitive behavioral therapy outcome","volume":"28","author":"Hojgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20332","article-title":"Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions","volume":"25","author":"Labad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200107000-00009","article-title":"Developmental aspects of obsessive compulsive disorder: Findings in children, adolescents and adults","volume":"189","author":"Geller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199211000-00009","article-title":"Obsessions and compulsions across time in 79 children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"31","author":"Rettew","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS)","author":"Goodman","year":"1986"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005437","article-title":"Towards a definitive symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a factor and network analysis of 87 distinct symptoms in 1366 individuals","author":"Cervin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.016","article-title":"Rage attacks in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder- phenomenology and clinical correlates","volume":"51","author":"Storch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2020.11.001","article-title":"Irritability in children and adolescents with OCD","volume":"51","author":"Guzick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Ther."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619859332","article-title":"The p factor and the n factor- associations between the general factors of psychopathology and neuroticism in children","volume":"7","author":"Brandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010132","article-title":"Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-5 proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder","volume":"170","author":"Copeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1622119","article-title":"Assessing the irritable and defiant dimensions of youth oppositional behavior using CBCL and YSR items","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.06.005","article-title":"Anxious-irritable children: a distinct subtype of childhood anxiety?","volume":"51","author":"Shimshoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Ther."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0120","article-title":"Behavioral interventions for anger, irritability, and aggression in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Sukhodolsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.007","article-title":"Exposure therapy for pediatric irritability: theory and potential mechanisms","volume":"118","author":"Kircanski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.05.030","article-title":"Avoidance, insight, impairment recognition concordance, and cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"59","author":"Selles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.12.016","article-title":"Insight in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"55","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.10.008","article-title":"Targeted family intervention for complex cases of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"56","author":"Peris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.180","article-title":"Development of lifetime comorbidity in the world health organization world mental health surveys","volume":"68","author":"Kessler","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.11.006","article-title":"The neuropsychology of obsessive compulsive disorder: the importance of failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers","volume":"29","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders","year":"1992"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.10.013","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"53","author":"Volkmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10001","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with gilles de la tourette syndrome","author":"Leckman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816774b1","article-title":"Impact of comorbidity on cognitive-behavioral therapy response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"Storch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000138356.29099.f1","article-title":"Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Geller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1037\/t29858-000","article-title":"Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"152","author":"Calvocoressi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.200","article-title":"Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"12","author":"Lebowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181825a91","article-title":"Correlates of accommodation of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: parent, child, and family characteristics","volume":"47","author":"Peris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.03.002","article-title":"Let me check that for you: symptom accommodation in romantic partners of adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"51","author":"Boeding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.05.003","article-title":"Phenomenological considerations of family accommodation: Related clinical characteristics and family factors in pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsess Compuls Relat Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.4.358","article-title":"A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"57","author":"Nestadt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-015-9360-8","article-title":"Growing up with an anxious sibling: psychosocial correlates and predictors of sibling relationship quality","volume":"35","author":"Jacoby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Psychol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199910000-00008","article-title":"Family accommodation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: instrument development and assessment of family behavior","volume":"187","author":"Calvocoressi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.170","article-title":"Family-based treatment of early childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: the pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment study for young children (POTS Jr)\u2014a randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B68","volume-title":"Predictors of change in family accommodation during exposure therapy for pediatric OCD. Partnering with families in therapy: leveraging family processes in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Paper presented at the 53","author":"Jacoby","year":"2019"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012652","article-title":"Decreased family accommodation associated with improved therapy outcome in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"77","author":"Merlo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S124359","article-title":"Family accommodation in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Albert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701277929","article-title":"Family accommodation in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"36","author":"Storch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-013-9196-z","article-title":"Preliminary predictors of within-session adherence to exposure and response prevention in pediatric obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"42","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.06.013","article-title":"Predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in the pediatric obsessive compulsive treatment study (POTS I)","volume":"49","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.08.033","article-title":"Predictors of treatment response to group cognitive behavioural therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"245","author":"Lavell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9442-1","article-title":"Sensory over-responsivity in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Lewin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.11.001","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of a brief family intervention to reduce accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"46","author":"Thompson-Hollands","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Ther."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc.2018.82.4.266","article-title":"The SPACE program, a parent-based treatment for childhood and adolescent OCD- the case of jasmine","volume":"82","author":"Lebowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull Menninger Clin."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.154","article-title":"Revealing the complex genetic architecture of obsessive-compulsive disorder using meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30149","article-title":"A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder","author":"Do","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00092-w","article-title":"Genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight psychiatric disorders","volume":"179","author":"Consortium","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.020","article-title":"Serotonin system gene variants and regional brain volume differences in pediatric OCD","volume":"14","author":"Sinopoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.43","article-title":"Supplementary information for \u201cGenome-wide assocation study in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from the OCGAS\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Mattheisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.07.038","article-title":"Trio study and meta-analysis support the association of genetic variation at the serotonin transporter with early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"580","author":"Walitza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.8.5.450","article-title":"Twin studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review","volume":"8","author":"van Grootheest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Pauls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.09.029","article-title":"De novo damaging dna coding mutations are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and overlap with tourette's disorder and autism","volume":"87","author":"Cappi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.1.101","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Familial-developmental history, symptomatology, comorbidity and course with special reference to gender-related differences","volume":"169","author":"Lensi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2007.0112","article-title":"Perinatal factors affecting expression of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Geller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.014","article-title":"Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"61","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.01.001","article-title":"The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress symptoms in clinical and non-clinical samples","volume":"19","author":"Huppert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anxiety Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.05.026","article-title":"Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case series","volume":"135","author":"Sasson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20284","article-title":"Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"25","author":"Gershuny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.12.005","article-title":"Traumatic events and obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: is there a link?","volume":"25","author":"Lafleur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.10.044","article-title":"Modification of the association between early adversity and obsessive-compulsive disorder by polymorphisms in the MAOA, MAOB and COMT genes","volume":"246","author":"McGregor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0407-7","article-title":"Emotion-based brain mechanisms and predictors for SSRI and CBT treatment of anxiety and depression: a randomized trial","volume":"44","author":"Gorka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.1.110","article-title":"Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever","volume":"154","author":"Swedo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.09.071","article-title":"Post-infectious autoimmune disorders: Sydenham's chorea, PANDAS and beyond","volume":"1617","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2058","article-title":"Association between streptococcal infection and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, and tic disorder","volume":"116","author":"Mell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatrics."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2657","article-title":"Streptococcal infection and exacerbations of childhood tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective blinded cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Kurlan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.527","article-title":"Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.281","article-title":"MRI assessment of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder or tics associated with streptococcal infection","volume":"157","author":"Giedd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2017.08.003","article-title":"Autoantibody-associated movement disorders in children: proven and proposed","volume":"24","author":"Singer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0151","article-title":"Clinical-serological characterization and treatment outcome of a large cohort of italian children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection and pediatric acute neuropsychiatric syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Lepri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.12.004","article-title":"Differential binding of antibodies in PANDAS patients to cholinergic interneurons in the striatum","volume":"69","author":"Frick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.1567","article-title":"Inflammation in the neurocircuitry of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"74","author":"Attwells","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2019.100006","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia: Implications for heterogeneity and neurobiology","volume":"1","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomark Neuropsychiatry."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.08.008","article-title":"Diagnostic biomarkers for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A reasonable quest or ignis fatuus?","volume":"118","author":"Fullana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1260","article-title":"Association of primary humoral immunodeficiencies with psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior and the role of autoimmune diseases","volume":"77","author":"Isung","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00020-7","article-title":"A pilot study of penicillin prophylaxis for neuropsychiatric exacerbations triggered by streptococcal infections","volume":"45","author":"Garvey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.035","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis with azithromycin or penicillin for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"57","author":"Snider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0179","article-title":"Course of neuropsychiatric symptoms after introduction and removal of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a pediatric observational study","volume":"27","author":"Spartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.912","article-title":"Celecoxib as an adjunct in the treatment of depressive or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Nery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001805","article-title":"The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, add-on pilot study to reboxetine","volume":"11","author":"Muller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549929","article-title":"Celecoxib as an adjuvant to fluvoxamine in moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"48","author":"Shalbafan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.017","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections","volume":"55","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1680","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011610","article-title":"Association of group a streptococcus exposure and exacerbations of chronic tic disorders: a multinational prospective cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Martino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.215","article-title":"A total-population multigenerational family clustering study of autoimmune diseases in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's\/chronic tic disorders","volume":"23","author":"Mataix-Cols","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0995","article-title":"Association of streptococcal throat infection with mental disorders: Testing key aspects of the pandas hypothesis in a nationwide study","volume":"74","author":"Orlovska","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428","article-title":"A nationwide study in denmark of the association between treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"76","author":"Kohler-Forsberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0062","article-title":"Characterization of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome phenotype","volume":"25","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0297","article-title":"Association of exposure to infections in childhood with risk of eating disorders in adolescent girls","volume":"76","author":"Breithaupt","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70224-2","article-title":"Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies","volume":"7","author":"Dalmau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0127","article-title":"Establishing a pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome clinic: baseline clinical features of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome cohort at karolinska institutet","volume":"29","author":"Gromark","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62678-3","article-title":"Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, \u201cprefrontal\u201d and \u201climbic\u201d functions","volume":"85","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13040574","article-title":"Multicenter voxel-based morphometry mega-analysis of structural brain scans in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"171","author":"de Wit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.03.012","article-title":"Brain morphology associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in 2,551 children from the general population","volume":"60","author":"Weeland","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.003","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways","volume":"16","author":"Milad","year":"2012","journal-title":"TiCS."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.08.001","article-title":"Neural correlates of affective and non-affective cognition in obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies","volume":"46","author":"Rasgon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(17)31783-2","article-title":"Brain structural correlates of subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms in healthy children","volume":"27","author":"Sunol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.08.007","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging during planning before and after cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Huyser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37563","article-title":"Children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: are they just \u201clittle adults\u201d?","volume":"119","author":"Kalra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318185d2be","article-title":"Brain imaging in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"47","author":"MacMaster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17050485","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities associated with pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA obsessive-compulsive disorder working group","volume":"175","author":"Boedhoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.04.022","article-title":"Mapping cortical and subcortical asymmetry in obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from the ENIGMA consortium","volume":"87","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0224-9","article-title":"The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2017","volume":"31","author":"Kooijman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.5.449","article-title":"Decrease in thalamic volumes of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are taking paroxetine","volume":"57","author":"Gilbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102034","article-title":"Neural correlates of symptom provocation in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Jaspers-Fayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.06.011","article-title":"Developmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"50","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1282173","article-title":"Neurocognitive function in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"19","author":"Geller","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.09.417","article-title":"Enduring effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: the nordic experience","volume":"56","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.09.004","article-title":"The neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychology Rev."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.05.009","article-title":"Impaired planning in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives: Evidence for a cognitive endophenotype","volume":"57","author":"Bey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001634","article-title":"Meta-analysis of neurocognitive deficits in unaffected relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): comparison with healthy controls and patients with OCD","volume":"50","author":"Bora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199612000-00016","article-title":"Comorbidity of juvenile obsessive-compulsive disorder with disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"35","author":"Geller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.12.012","article-title":"The promise and challenge of obsessive-compulsive disorder research","volume":"61","author":"Geller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0841-2","article-title":"Children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and comorbid attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary results of a prospective follow-up study","volume":"115","author":"Walitza","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.09.019","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"51","author":"Geller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.15.1683","article-title":"Clinical Response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"297","author":"Bridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1128","article-title":"Efficacy of augmentation of cognitive behavior therapy with weight-adjusted d-cycloserine vs placebo in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"73","author":"Storch","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.01.010","article-title":"Treatment gains are sustainable in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: three-year follow-up from the NordLOTS","volume":"59","author":"Melin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0190","article-title":"A Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled pilot study of azithromycin in youth with acute-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"27","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0091","article-title":"Quality of life in children and youth with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"28","author":"Storch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.11.1919","article-title":"Which SSRI? a meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"160","author":"Geller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.16.1969","article-title":"Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the pediatric ocd treatment study (POTS) randomized controlled trial","volume":"292","author":"March","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B155","unstructured":"One-year outcome for responders of cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder9407\n            H\u00f8jgaardD\n            HybelKA\n            IvarssonT\n            SkarphedinssonG\n            Becker NissenJ\n            WeidleB\n          10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.09.00229096776J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.562017"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.04.010","article-title":"Long-term course of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: 3 years of prospective follow-up","volume":"55","author":"Mancebo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07657","article-title":"Five-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder: predictors of remission and relapse","volume":"74","author":"Eisen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.07.002","article-title":"Adaptive treatment strategies for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial","volume":"58","author":"Fatori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.678538\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T13:40:54Z","timestamp":1624628454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.678538\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":158,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.678538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.678538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-0640","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"article-number":"678538"}}