{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:42:26Z","timestamp":1762868546728,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a plethora of psychological problems worldwide since its onset in December 2019. In the upheaval period, compared with medical college students, nonmedical students' psychological state deserves additional concern due to their lack of medical knowledge. Although the epidemic in China has been largely controlled for several months, the mental health problems resulting from the COVID-19 epidemic persist to this day. In this study, we assessed the mental health problems and associated risk factors experienced by nonmedical vs. medical college students in universities of Shandong Province during the COVID-19 epidemic recovery period.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> An online survey was conducted over the period from 17 to 19 December 2020. A total of 954 Chinese college students (486 nonmedical and 468 medical students) from three universities of Shandong Province participated in the survey. Mental health variables were assessed with use of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Compared with medical students, nonmedical college students had higher prevalence rates of depression (53.9 vs. 46.4%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.020) and insomnia (28.0 vs. 22.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.049), as well as higher total scores on the PHQ-9 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03) and ISI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Among nonmedical college students, being female and native of non-Shandong were risk factors for anxiety and depression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), while only native of non-Shandong for insomnia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01). Among medical students, age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and living in rural areas (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) were risk factors for depression, while only age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) was a risk factor for anxiety and insomnia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Nonmedical college students in the universities of Shandong Province had more mental health problems and more risk factors for developing them during the COVID-19 epidemic recovery period than medical students. These nonmedical students require additional attention and recovery programs to alleviate the increased incidence of psychological problems related to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T06:17:32Z","timestamp":1623392252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study on Mental Health Problems of Medical and Nonmedical Students in Shandong During the COVID-19 Epidemic Recovery Period"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bailiu","family":"Ya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard","key":"B3"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25783","article-title":"Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing","volume":"92","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13620","article-title":"Recent progress on the diagnosis of 2019 Novel Coronavirus","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1708\/3382.33569","article-title":"Mental health outcomes of the CoViD-19 pandemic","volume":"55","author":"Talevi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Riv Psichiatr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.049","article-title":"A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"88","author":"Chew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1500-7","article-title":"Impact of social isolation due to COVID-19 on health in older people: mental and physical effects and recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Sepulveda-Loyola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112934","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China","volume":"287","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.042","article-title":"Mental health of French students during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"277","author":"Essadek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239696","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on mental health of undergraduate students in New Jersey, cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Kecojevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000534","article-title":"The role of mental health counseling in college students' academic success: an interrupted time series analysis","author":"Kivlighan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2018.01.011","article-title":"Effects of Ebola Virus Disease education on student health professionals","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Teach Learn."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2016.0220","article-title":"Survey of Emergency Department staff on disaster preparedness and training for Ebola virus disease","volume":"11","author":"Siddle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Disaster Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.031","article-title":"A cross-sectional study: comparing the attitude and knowledge of medical and non-medical students toward 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01691-x","article-title":"Early epidemiological assessment of the transmission potential and virulence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan City, China, January-February, 2020","volume":"18","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.251","article-title":"Public mental health in post-COVID-19 era","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002137","article-title":"Equivalency of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis - ERRATUM","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","article-title":"Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis","volume":"39","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093","article-title":"Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population","volume":"46","author":"Lowe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02859-8","article-title":"Are comparisons of mental disorders between Chinese and German students possible? An examination of measurement invariance for the PHQ-15, PHQ-9 and GAD-7","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.04.003","article-title":"Are the Insomnia Severity Index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index valid outcome measures for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia? Inquiry from the perspective of response shifts and longitudinal measurement invariance in their Chinese versions","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.01.005","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome-corona virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a University teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Al-Rabiaah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-020-01475-3","article-title":"The immediate psychological effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on medical and non-medical students in China","volume":"65","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Public Health."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/126295","article-title":"Face masks use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Differences in attitudes and practices between medical and non-medical students. A survey of 2256 students in Poland","volume":"29","author":"Matusiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.12122\/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.06","article-title":"[Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19]","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590400006572","article-title":"Psychological responses to the SARS outbreak in healthcare students in Hong Kong","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Teach."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"30","article-title":"Impact of a spreading epidemic on medical students","volume":"13","author":"Loh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci."},{"unstructured":"Beijing: In January, Hubei Had More Than 3,000 Medical Infections, and the Wuhan Health and Medical Committee Reported \u201cNone\u201d for Half a Month","key":"B33"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023632","article-title":"Relations of SARS-related stressors and coping to Chinese college students' psychological adjustment during the 2003 Beijing SARS epidemic","volume":"58","author":"Main","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400504","article-title":"The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000504609","article-title":"Effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation for the treatment of chronic insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002","article-title":"Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, gonadal hormones","volume":"76","author":"Maeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Behav."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02884-9","article-title":"The role of telemedicine during the COVID-19 epidemic in China-experience from Shandong province","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145047","article-title":"Social distancing among medical students during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in China: disease awareness, anxiety disorder, depression, behavioral activities","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45120","article-title":"Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/8svfa","article-title":"Psychological intervention and COVID-19: what we know so far and what we can do","author":"Inchausti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Contemp Psychother."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.09.031","article-title":"COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development","volume":"74","author":"Asselah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30077-8","article-title":"Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680202\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T06:17:42Z","timestamp":1623392262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680202\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.680202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-0640"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-0640"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"article-number":"680202"}}